If we are running a server that is not attached to the domain, how would I go about adding a domain user to a local group on that server?
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You don't. There has to be a trust between the computer and the domain (aka joining the computer to the domain) to be able to authenticate domain users locally.
Now for something practical:
You have two options 1) create a local user with the same username and password as the domain user, and add that local user to the local group. 2) Join the machine to the domain.

Zypher
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So simply adding a local user with the same name and password is sufficient to create trust (in this instance)? – Michael Todd May 25 '10 at 19:44
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1It's not so much creating a trust as having your username and ntlm hash match ... it's more of a hacky work around than anything really. – Zypher May 25 '10 at 19:47
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1Correct. The domain user tries to connect, Kerberos won't be tried, so unless you have GPOs that prevent clients from trying to authenticate via down-level protocols, the machine will try NTLM. If they match, then you're in without having to type anything. – mfinni May 25 '10 at 19:51