List of WHO AWaRe antibiotics

Antibiotic resistance

This is a list of infections and antibiotics as detailed in the WHO AWaRe classification in the World Health Organization's book The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book (2022).[1] It provides guidance on using antibiotics responsibly, and is aimed at reducing antimicrobial resistance.[1][2] Antibiotics are generally listed in alphabetical order unless otherwise stated and doses are generally for normal kidney function.[3] The three groups are "access", meaning use can be unrestricted, "watch", meaning care should be taken, and "reserve" meaning use should be saved for cases in which other options are not possible.[1]

Conditions where the first line treatment may not always require antibiotics include acute diarrhoea, bronchitis, mild COPD exacerbations, dental infections, otitis media, pharyngitis, sinusitis, mild skin and soft tissue infections, and lower urinary tract infections in non-pregnant females.[1] If required, generally amoxicillin is the first line choice for community acquired pneumonia, mild exacerbations of COPD, dental infections, otitis media, and pharyngitis.[4] The list includes the shortest possible duration of antibiotic use, and when to make the earliest possible change of giving an antibiotic by mouth when a person has been started on an antibiotic into vein.[1]

Allergies to antibiotics are generally over diagnosed and may lead to unnecessary prescribing of alternatives.[5] Where allergies are reported for first choice antibiotics, other options are not included in the AWaRe book, though available alternatives are recommended where a history of true anaphylaxis has occurred.[5] The list aims to promote observation and waiting, and symptomatic care, during early illness, while saving antibiotics for when truly needed.[1] Doses and durations are in keeping with guidance from the UK's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.[1]

List

  • List of WHO AWaRe antibiotics for common infections in primary care
  • List of WHO AWaRe antibiotics for common infections in hospital

Common in primary care

Respiratory

Bronchitis

Common infections in primary care
Infection Frequency/risk factors Symptoms Tests Advice and guidance AWaRe antibiotic use
Bronchitis Frequency:

Common[6]


Risk factors:

Winter[6]

Smoking[6]

Air pollution[6]

 Cough (>5 days) +/- fever[6]

Normal heart rate and respiratory rate[6]

Symptoms milder than pneumonia, though may overlap[6]

 Investigations generally initially unnecessary in otherwise well adults.[7]

Consider testing for COVID-19.[6]

Mostly viral[6]

Typically resolve without treatment[2]

Yellow/green sputum does not indicate bacterial infection[6]

Cough may last weeks (10-20 days)[6]

Bronchodilators and mucolytics, though usefulness unclear[6]

Antipyretics (paracetamol, ibuprofen)[6]

Cold medicine[6]

 Antibiotic not recommended, unless severe symptoms or weak immune system.[6]
Adults Children

Typically resolve without treatment.[1]

 Antibiotic considered if fever ≥39.0 °C, bilateral otitis media in children younger than 2 years.[6]

Pneumonia

Common infections in primary care
Infection Frequency/risk factors Symptoms Tests Advice and guidance AWaRe antibiotic use
Mild community-acquired pneumonia Frequency:

Common worldwide[8]

Leading cause of hospital admission

Risk factors:

Children < 5 years (low income countries), adults > 65 years (high-income countries)[8]

Poor nutrition[8]

HIV[8]

Air pollution[8]

 Cough (new or worse) + fever (≥ 38.0 °C)[8]

Sputum, shortness of breath, chest hurts[8]

Tachypnea, crepitations, reduced oxygen saturation[8]

Confusion in elderly[8]

 Tests in mild illness usually not required.[8]

Consider blood tests: blood cultures, complete blood count, CRP

Consider chest X-ray[8]

Antipyretics: paracetamol, ibuprofen[8]

Seek medical care if worsening of symptoms.[8]


Consider

CRB-65 score[8]

Testing for COVID-19[8]

Testing for HIV, tuberculosis (high risk groups)[8]

Prevention

Pneumonia vaccine, influenza vaccine, COVID-19 vaccine, Hib vaccine[8]

 Adults Children
Treatment duration
5 days or longer in severe illness.[8] 3 to 5 days or longer depending on severity.[8]
Mild illness
First choice:

Amoxicillin 1 gram 3x daily by mouth[8]

or

Phenoxymethylpenicillin 500 milligrams 4x daily by mouth[8]

Second choice:

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 875 mg+125 mg 3x daily by mouth[8]

or

Doxycycline 100 milligrams 2x daily by mouth[8]

 First choice:

Amoxicillin (80–90 milligrams/kg/day) by mouth[8]

Severe illness

First choice:

Cefotaxime 2 grams 3x daily into vein or muscle by injection[8]

or

Ceftriaxone[8]

First choice:

Amoxicillin

or

Ampicillin

or

Benzylpenicillin

+/- Clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily by mouth or into vein[8] +/- Gentamicin
Second choice:

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 1 gram + 200 mg three times daily into vein[8]

 In HIV +ve babies younger than 1 year

Add

Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim for 3 weeks[8]

+/- Clarithromycin 500 mg 2x daily bu mouth or into vein[8] No improvement with first choice after 48-72 hours

Cefotaxime into vein or muscle[8]

or

Ceftriaxone into vein or muscle[8]

[8]

COPD

Common infections in primary care
Infection Symptoms Tests Advice Management Notes AWaRe antibiotic use
Chronic obstructive bronchitis (COPD) exacerbation Worsening shortness of breath + cough in known COPD.[9]

Increased sputum production[9]


 Culture of sputum in mild disease not always helpful as may give confusing results.[9]

Consider: blood tests, chest X-ray, blood gases[9]


 Stop smoking[9]

Reduce indoor air pollution[9]

Bronchodilators[9]

Vaccinations: pneumonia vaccine, influenza vaccine, COVID-19 vaccine[9]

Consider: oxygen, short-acting bronchodilator, oral steroids[9]

 Antibiotics not necessary in mild illness.[9]
Adults Children
First choice

Amoxicillin 500 milligrams 3x daily by mouth[9]

Second choice Cefalexin 500 milligrams 3x daily by mouth[9]

or

Doxycycline 100 milligrams 2x daily by mouth[9]

or

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 500+125 milligrams 3x daily by mouth if severe[9]

ENT

Acute otitis media

Common infections in primary care
Infection Symptoms Tests Advice Management Notes AWaRe antibiotic use
Acute otitis media (OM)[10] Typically young children with ear pain (one or both).[11]

Pulling ear, irritability, headache, fever (in 2/3), vomiting,[10] discharge.[11]

Bulging red tympanic membrane.[11]

+/- Viral upper respiratory tract infection.[10]

 Diagnosis using otoscope.[10]


Tests generally not necessary.[11] Medical imaging if suspect deeper infection (mastoiditis, abscess).[11]

 Mostly viral and resolve without treatment, particularly in high income countries.[12]

Antipyretics; (paracetamol, ibuprofen).[11]

No ibuprofen if younger than 3-months[11]

Prevention: hand hygiene, pneumococcal vaccine, flu vaccine, Hib vaccine[11]

 Frequency:

317 million worldwide (2017)[11]

Affects 80% of children by age 5 years.[13]

Most common reason for antibiotic use in young children.[13]

 For severe symptoms, weak immune system, fever ≥39.0 °C, bilateral OM in children younger than 2 years.[11]
Treatment duration: 5 days[11]
Adults Children
First choice

Amoxicillin 500 mg 3x daily by mouth[1][11]

Second choice Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 500mg+125mg 3x daily by mouth[11]

 First choice

Amoxicillin by mouth[11]

Second choice Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid by mouth[11]

Pharyngitis

Common infections in primary care
Infection Symptoms Tests Advice Management Notes AWaRe antibiotic use
Pharyngitis[14] Sore throat[14]

Viral: + cough, headache, muscle aches[14]

Bacterial: + fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, exudate[14]

 Most resolve without treatment.[14]

Paracetamol, ibuprofen[14]

 >80% viral[14] Antibiotics where rheumatic fever is endemic.[14]
Treatment duration: 5 or 10 days depending on risk.[14]
Adults Children
First choice First choice

Amoxicillin 500 milligrams 3x daily by mouth[1][14]

or

Phenoxymethylpenicillin 500 milligrams 4x daily by mouth[1][14]

Amoxicillin [14]

or

Phenoxymethylpenicillin[14]

Second choice Second choice

Cefalexin 500 milligrams 3x daily by mouth[14]

Cefalexin[14]

or

Clarithromycin 500 milligrams twice daily by mouth[14]

 or

Clarithromycin [14]

Sinusitis

Common infections in primary care
Infection Symptoms Management Advice Management Notes AWaRe antibiotic use
Acute sinusitis[15] Blocked and runny nose[15]

Toothache[15]

Facial pain and pressure[15]

 Tests usually not required.[15]

For illness duration <10-days; nasal irrigation, analgesia.[15]

Antibiotics not always needed.[15]

 Most preceded by URTI, and resolve without treatment.[15]

Symptoms may last for up to 1 month.[15]

Yellow/green nasal discharge not necessarily bacterial.[15]

Prevention: some protection with pneumococcal vaccine, Hib vaccine[15]

 Frequency: common[15] Antibotics if severe symptoms: fever ≥39.0 °C, purulent discharge from nose, facial pain (>3 days)[15]
Treatment duration: 5 days[15]
Adults Children
Amoxicillin 1 gram 3x daily by mouth[15]

or

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 500+125 milligrams 3x daily by mouth[15]

 Amoxicillin[15]

or

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid[15]

Oral

Common infections in primary care
Infection Symptoms Management Advice Notes AWaRe antibiotic use
Dental infection Dental disease: Toothache radiating to ear/jaw.[16]

Pericoronitis: Toothache + swollen gum[16]

Necrotizing periodontal disease: severe toothache, swollen and bleeding gums[16]

Noma: severe disease with destruction of soft tissue/bone[16]

 May require imaging, blood tests, culture[16]

Painkillers[16]

 Most resolve without antibiotics[16]

Salt water gargles[16]

Painkillera: ibuprofen, paracetamol[16]

Effectiveness of mouthwashes unclear.[16]

Prevention: Good oral hygiene, reduce dietary sugar, brush teeth, stop smoking.[16]


Frequency: common worldwide.[16]

Risk factors: high sugar diet, poor oral hygiene, smoking, dental caries, chewing tobacco, malnutrition.[16]

 Dental treatment more likely to help than antibiotics.[16]

Metronidazole may be an option for deeper infection.[16]

Treatment duration: 3 to 5 days depending on response[16]
Adults Children
Amoxicillin 500 milligrams 3x daily by mouth[16]

or

Phenoxymethylpenicillin 500 milligrams 4x daily by mouth[16]

 Amoxicillin[16]

or

Phenoxymethylpenicillin[16]

Lymph

Common infections in primary care
Infection Symptoms Management Advice Image Notes AWaRe antibiotic use
Acute localized lymphadenitis Sudden painful red large lymph node[17]

Fever[17]

 Tests usually not necessary, though may need tests for HIV, tuberculosis, malignancy in some.[17]

Persistent large lymph nodes require further tests.[17]

 Frequency: common worldwide[17]

Most large lymph nodes have a viral cause, though unilateral symptoms possible likely bacterial.[17]

Consider malignancy, HIV, TB.[17]


 Treatment of localized acute bacterial lymphadenitis
Treatment duration: 5 days[17]
Adults Children
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 500mg+125mg 4x daily by mouth, or 1gram+200mg 4x daily into vein[17]

or

Cefalexin 500 mg 4x daily by mouth[17]

or

Cloxacillin 500 mg 4x daily by mouth[17]

 Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid into vein[17]

or

Cefalexin by mouth[17]


or

Cloxacillin into vein[17]

Eyes

Common infections in primary care
Infection Symptoms Management Advice Image Notes AWaRe antibiotic use
Conjunctivitis Itchy, gritty, red, watery eye[18] Most resolve within a week without antibiotics.[18]
Treatment duration: varies between treatments from single dose, to 3 days, or 5 days [18]
Adults Children
Gentamicin 0.3% eye drops, 1 drop in affected eye 4x daily[18] Gentamicin 0.3% eye drops, 1 drop in affected eye 4x daily[18]
Or

Ofloxacin 0.3% eye drops, 1 drop in affected eye 4x daily[18]

 Ofloxacin 0.3% eye drops, 1 drop in affected eye 4x daily[18]
or

Tetracycline 1% ointment, 1 cm in affected eye 4x daily[18]

 Tetracycline 1% ointment, 1 cm in affected eye 4x daily[18]
Gonococcal conjunctivitis:

Ceftriaxone 250 milligrams into muscle (single dose) [18]

combined with

Azithromycin 1 gram by mouth (single dose) [18]

 Gonococcal conjunctivitis:

Ceftriaxone 50mg/kg into muscle (single dose)[18]

Chlamydial ophthalmia:

Azithromycin by mouth[18]

Keratitis [18]
Adults Children
Endophthalmitis [18]
Adults Children
Periorbital cellulitis [18]
Adults Children
Trachoma [19]
Adults Children

Genitourinary

Common infections in primary care
Infection Symptoms Management Advice Image Notes AWaRe guidance
Urinary tract infection (UTI)[20] Dysuria[21]

Urinary urgency, frequency[20]

Lower abdominal pain[20]

Blood in urine[20]

 Urine culture: children, men, pregnant women, recurrent UTI[21] Drink water[20]

Prevention: Pass urine after sex, showers not baths, girls to wipe front to back[20]

In young otherwise healthy non-pregnant females with mild symptoms antibiotics may not always be required.[1]

Common: females, increasing age, sexual activity[21]

Most caused by E.coli[21]
Treatment duration: 3-5 days[21]
Adults Children
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 500+125 milligrams 3x daily by mouth[21]

or

Nitrofurantoin 100 milligrams twice daily (modified release) or 50 milligrams 4x daily (immediate release), by mouth[21]

or

Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim[21]

or

Trimethoprim 200 milligrams twice daily for 3-days by mouth[21]

 Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid[21]

or

Nitrofurantoin[21]

or

Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim[21]

or

Trimethoprim[21]

Chlamydia[22] Prevention: safe sex, condoms, treat sexual partners[22]
Uncomplicated urogenital infection

Doxycycline[22]
or

Azithromycin[22]
Anorectal infection

Doxycycline[22]
In pregnancy

Azithromycin[22]
Gonorrhea [23] Ceftriaxone 250 milligrams into muscle[23]

combined with

Azithromycin 1 gram by mouth[23]
Syphilis [24] Late syphilis:

Benzathine benzylpenicillin[24]

or

Procaine benzypenicillin[24]

 Congenital syphilis
Neurosyphilis:

Benzylpenicillin[24]

or

Procaine benzypenicillin[24]

 Benzylpenicillin[24]
In pregnancy:

Benzathine benzylpenicillin[24]

or

Procaine benzylpenicillin[24]
Trichomoniasis [25] Metronidazole[25]

Skin

Common infections in primary care
Infection Symptoms Management Advice Image Notes AWaRe guidance
Superficial skin infections

(impetigo, erysipelas, cellulitis)[26]

 Impetigo: Reddish papules, vesicles, pustules, yellowish crusts.[26]

Erysipelas: painful raised, well-defined, redness of skin of rapid onset, generally feeling unwell, +/-fever.[26]

Cellulitis: painful redness of skin, +/-fever.[26]

 Swabs of intact skin generally unnecessary[26]

Localized bullous impetigo: mupirocin 2% ointment may suffice.[26]

Severe infections may require intravenous antibiotics.[26]

Treatment duration: 5 days[26]
Adults Children
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 500 mg+125 mg 3x daily by mouth[26]

or

Cefalexin 500 milligrams 3x daily by mouth[26]

or

Cloxacillin 500 milligrams 3x daily by mouth[26]

 Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid[26]

or

Cefalexin [26]

or

Cloxacillin[26]

Wounds

Common infections in primary care
Infection Symptoms Management Advice Image Notes AWaRe guidance
Wounds/burns related infection[1]
Adults Children
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 500 mg+125 mg 3x daily by mouth

or

Cefalexin

or

Cloxacillin[1]

 Amoxicillin /clavulanic acid

or

Cefalexin

or

Cloxacillin[1]

Gastrointestinal

Common infections in primary care
InfectionSymptomsManagementAdviceImageNotesAWaRe guidance (adults)AWaRe guidance (children)
Infectious bloody diarrhoea or dysentery[27] Mostly viral and resolve without treatment.[27] First choice

Ciprofloxacin[27]

Second choice

Azithromycin[27]

or

Cefixime[27]

 First choice

Ciprofloxacin[27]

Second choice

Azithromycin[27]

or

Cefixime[27]

or

Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim[27]

 or

Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim[27]

or

Ceftriaxone[27]

 or

Ceftriaxone[27]

Cholera[27] Rehydration[27] First choice

Azithromycin[27]

 First choice

Azithromycin[27]

or

Doxycycline[27]

 Second choice

Ciprofloxacin[27]

Second choice

Ciprofloxacin[27]

 or

Doxycycline[27]

Enteric fever[28] Consider local resistance pattern[28]

Ofloxacin and cefixime are not recommended.[28]

 Low antibiotic resistance

Mild and severe cases: Ciprofloxacin[3]

High antibiotic resistance

Mild cases Azithromycin[3]

Severe cases Ceftriaxone[3]

 Low antibiotic resistance

Mild and severe cases: Ciprofloxacin[3]

High antibiotic resistance

Mild cases Azithromycin[3]

Severe cases Ceftriaxone[3]

Common in hospital

Common infections in hospital
InfectionSymptomManagementAdviceImageNotesAWaRe guidance (adults)AWaRe guidance (children)
Sepsis [29][30] Amikacin[29] Ampicillin[30]

or

Benzylpenicillin[30]


Ceftriaxone

or

Cefotaxime

 Cefotaxime[30]

or

Ceftriaxone[30]

combined with

Gentamicin[29]

 or

Cloxacillin[30]

Bacterial meningitis[31] First choice:

Cefotaxime[31]

or

Ceftriaxone[31]
Second line

Amoxicillin[31]

or

Ampicillin[31]

or

Benzylpenicillin[31]

or

Chloramphenicol[31]
Severe community acquired pneumonia[32]
Hospital acquired pneumonia[33]
Acute cholecystitis and cholangitis[34]
Pyogenic liver abscess[35]
Acute appendicitis[36]
Acute diverticulitis[37]
Clostridium difficile infection[38] Abdominal pain, fever, diarrhoea[38] Metronidazole[38]
Vancomycin
Upper urinary tract infection[39]
Acute bacterial osteomyelitis[40]
Septic arthritis[41]
Necrotising fasciitis[42]
Pyomyositis[43]
Febrile neutropenia[44]
Surgical prevention[45]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Zanichelli, Veronica; Sharland, Michael; Cappello, Bernadette; Moja, Lorenzo; Getahun, Haileyesus; Pessoa-Silva, Carmem; Sati, Hatim; van Weezenbeek, Catharina; Balkhy, Hanan; Simão, Mariângela; Gandra, Sumanth; Huttner, Benedikt (1 April 2023). "The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book and prevention of antimicrobial resistance". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 101 (4): 290–296. doi:10.2471/BLT.22.288614. ISSN 0042-9686. Archived from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  2. 1 2 Moja, L; Zanichelli, V; Mertz, D; Gandra, S; Cappello, B; Cooke, GS; Chuki, P; Harbarth, S; Pulcini, C; Mendelson, M; Tacconelli, E; Ombajo, LA; Chitatanga, R; Zeng, M; Imi, M; Elias, C; Ashorn, P; Marata, A; Paulin, S; Muller, A; Aidara-Kane, A; Wi, TE; Were, WM; Tayler, E; Figueras, A; Da Silva, CP; Van Weezenbeek, C; Magrini, N; Sharland, M; Huttner, B; Loeb, M (9 February 2024). "WHO's essential medicines and AWaRe: recommendations on first- and second-choice antibiotics for empiric treatment of clinical infections". Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2024.02.003. PMID 38342438. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book Archived 2023-08-13 at the Wayback Machine. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  4. ↑ The WHO AWaRe. pp. 5-19
  5. 1 2 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 20-25
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 29-35
  7. ↑ Smith, Maeve P.; Lown, Mark; Singh, Sonal; Ireland, Belinda; Hill, Adam T.; Linder, Jeffrey A.; Irwin, Richard S.; Adams, Todd M.; Altman, Kenneth W.; Azoulay, Elie; Barker, Alan F.; Blackhall, Fiona; Birring, Surinder S.; Bolser, Donald C.; Boulet, Louis-Philippe; Braman, Sidney S.; Brightling, Christopher; Callahan-Lyon, Priscilla; Chang, Anne B.; Cowley, Terrie; Davenport, Paul; El Solh, Ali A.; Escalante, Patricio; Field, Stephen K.; Fisher, Dina; French, Cynthia T.; Grant, Cameron; Harding, Susan M.; Harnden, Anthony; Hill, Adam T.; Irwin, Richard S.; Kahrilas, Peter J.; Kavanagh, Joanne; Lai, Kefang; Kahrilas, Peter J.; Lilly, Craig; Lown, Mark; Madison, J. Mark; Malesker, Mark A.; Mazzone, Stuart; McGarvey, Lorcan; Molasoitis, Alex; Murad, M. Hassan; Narasimhan, Mangala; Newcombe, Peter; Oppenheimer, John; Rosen, Mark; Rubin, Bruce; Russell, Richard J.; Ryu, Jay H.; Singh, Sonal; Smith, Jaclyn; Smith, Maeve P.; Tarlo, Susan M.; Vertigan, Anne E.; Weinberger, Miles (May 2020). "Acute Cough Due to Acute Bronchitis in Immunocompetent Adult Outpatients". Chest. 157 (5): 1256–1265. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2020.01.044. Archived from the original on 2023-12-04. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 147-161
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 162-168
  10. 1 2 3 4 Danishyar, Amina; Ashurst, John V. (2024). "Acute Otitis Media". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29262176. Archived from the original on 2022-10-10. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 36-45
  12. ↑ Venekamp, Roderick P; Sanders, Sharon L; Glasziou, Paul P; Rovers, Maroeska M (15 November 2023). "Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023 (11). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000219.pub5. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  13. 1 2 El Feghaly, Rana E.; Nedved, Amanda; Katz, Sophie E.; Frost, Holly M. (May 2023). "New insights into the treatment of acute otitis media". Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy. 21 (5): 523–534. doi:10.1080/14787210.2023.2206565. ISSN 1744-8336. PMID 37097281. Archived from the original on 2024-01-10. Retrieved 2024-01-09.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 46-60
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 61-71
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 72-95
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 95-104
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 105-139
  19. ↑ The WHO AWaRe. pp. 140-146
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Suffering from a urinary tract infection?". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 14 January 2022. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 278-292
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 230-240
  23. 1 2 3 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 241-253
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 254-2270
  25. 1 2 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 271-277
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 193-205
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 169-184
  28. 1 2 3 Parry, Christopher M.; Qamar, Farah N.; Rijal, Samita; McCann, Naina; Baker, Stephen; Basnyat, Buddha (May 2023). "What Should We Be Recommending for the Treatment of Enteric Fever?". Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 10 (Suppl 1): S26–S31. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofad179. ISSN 2328-8957. PMID 37274536. Archived from the original on 2023-06-06. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
  29. 1 2 3 The WHO AWaRe, pp. 295-318
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The WHO AWaRe, pp. 319-344
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The WHO AWaRe, pp. 345-361
  32. ↑ The WHO AWaRe, pp. 362-380
  33. ↑ The WHO AWaRe, pp. 381-395
  34. ↑ The WHO AWaRe, pp. 396-413
  35. ↑ The WHO AWaRe, pp. 414-433
  36. ↑ The WHO AWaRe, pp. 434-453
  37. ↑ The WHO AWaRe, pp. 454-463
  38. 1 2 3 The WHO AWaRe. pp. 464-473
  39. ↑ The WHO AWaRe, pp. 474-488
  40. ↑ The WHO AWaRe, pp. 489-506
  41. ↑ The WHO AWaRe, pp. 507-522
  42. ↑ The WHO AWaRe, pp. 523-534
  43. ↑ The WHO AWaRe, pp. 535-544
  44. ↑ The WHO AWaRe, pp. 545-561
  45. ↑ The WHO AWaRe, pp. 562-574

Bibliography

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