Does it matter if I sauté onions for high liquid foods?

Question

Many (most?) recipes ask that you sauté onions before adding other ingredients when making soups, stews, or other dishes that contain lots of liquid (as opposed to something like a stir fry).

I'm not taking about caramelization -- I understand the purpose of that. I mean recipes that ask you to "sweat" the onions or cook them until they're just translucent, with no browning.

Cooking the onions this way makes sense if you want to reduce the moisture and concentrate the flavors. But it seems to me that if you're adding the onions to soup, for example, you're reducing the moisture just to put moisture back in it.

Does it really make a difference in a soup or stew, as opposed to simply adding the raw onion along with other ingredients?

Sweating onions **by definition** means "he gentle heating of vegetables in a little oil or butter, with frequent stirring and turning **to ensure** that any emitted **liquid will evaporate**." Thus, it's impossible to Saute onions in high liquid foods. — RonJohn, Dec 27 '20 at 04:22
@RonJohn: I think a question title of "Why bother to sweat onions before adding to high-liquid foods?" would capture the what the question body is asking. Not suggesting trying to sweat *in* the liquid. Or since we know the answer, steer the question in that direction: "What does sweating do that wouldn't happen in soup or stew liquid?" — Peter Cordes, Dec 27 '20 at 08:48
@RonJohn: On the current title? Yeah, my point was the OP should retitle their question to reflect what they're asking, because the current title is confusing / misleading. — Peter Cordes, Dec 27 '20 at 09:18
If someone can edit that to reflect the correct spelling of "sauté", that's too small an edit for my permission level — njzk2, Dec 27 '20 at 14:54
@njzk2: is *sauté* the correct spelling in English? (it is obviously in French). "Sauté" in French is an adverb, it can also be a noun in English (in addition to being an adverb) — WoJ, Dec 27 '20 at 17:16
@PeterCordes yeah, I hate it when the subject and the body are... *different*. — RonJohn, Dec 27 '20 at 19:32
@WoJ not an adverb, but a past participe. And yes, the English spelling takes the accent as well. — njzk2, Dec 27 '20 at 21:01

score 26 · Answer 1 · answered Dec 26 '20 at 20:14

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It makes a big difference. The heat you can impart to anything by boiling is limited to 100°C (212°F). This is too low for some of the flavor magic to happen, like maillard reactions, which start about 140°C. A pan's temperature can get much higher than boiling water, which is why you saute them first. If you try to make onion soup without sauteing them first they'll soften, but they'll never lose that raw onion flavor, and you won't get the sweetness or depth of flavor from the maillard reactions.

answered Dec 26 '20 at 20:14

GdD

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You miss my point. I understand browning onions for onion soup -- mailiard reaction, caramelization, etc. I'm referring to recipes that specifically say to "sweat" or cook until translucent but **not** brown. – Ron Trunk Dec 26 '20 at 20:40
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My understanding (I'll leave it for someone with more expertise to weigh in definitively) is that when you 'sweat' onions you are doing some of the same reactions, just to a lesser extent. Certainly the flavour changes significantly in the process. – dbmag9 Dec 26 '20 at 20:44
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Even just sweating the onions changes the flavor, making it more mellow compared to just boiling or simmering the onions. You can also boil onion for a decent while and still have that crunch. If you're making a soup as you suggest, and that soup doesn't have a long cook time, you could be left with semi-crunchy bits of powerfully flavored onions in it. – BobKayser Dec 26 '20 at 23:36
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@RonTrunk boil a quartered onion, and see what happens. Maybe you'll like it. – RonJohn Dec 27 '20 at 04:24
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@RonTrunk you're missing the point. Things happen to the onion when you sweat it which won't happen at lower temperature. Some of those things have to do with browning, some don't. – njzk2 Dec 27 '20 at 14:53
Some flavour changes do happen slowly. With long enough boiling (e.g. some recipes for British Indian base curry sauce only boil the onions) the flavour does mellow, but never becomes the same as onion gently sweated in oil. That would suggest that it gets to noticeably more than 100°C, but not hot enough to brown. – Chris H Dec 27 '20 at 17:32

score 5 · Answer 2 · answered Dec 27 '20 at 19:31

It flavors your oil. Notice how in many soups there's glistening oil floating on the surface? It makes the soup taste better, but simply drizzling in the (neutral, in this case) oil at the end of cooking won't provide the same delicious results.

At my household we often make tomato egg-flower soup (or as other people will put it, tomato egg-drop soup), and it involves frying up diced tomatoes in some oil, before filling up the post with faucet water and letting it bring to a boil.

Like what you addressed in your post, no caramelization happened on the tomatoes (and predictably so, as they are really watery), but you can clearly see the orange-color (and flavored) oil that floats to the top when adding in the water.

eps · Accepted Answer · 2020-12-28T21:55:52.363

I make soups both ways and there is a clearly different end result. I'm not sure the exact mechanisms going on but I'll list some hypotheses/thoughts:

I'm sure if you boil the soup for a very long time any differences will approach imperceptibility, but many soups aren't cooked for a super long time.
Anyone who has experimented with this knows that the texture of onions changes much faster when you are sautéing or sweating compared to boiling. Thinly sliced onions will still have some of their firmness even after an hour of a slow simmer.
Even on low heat the cooking temperature will be much hotter than simmering water. Although you aren't cooking them long enough for caramelization / obvious Maillard reactions, you will still be introducing some of those flavor compounds into the mix.
On the flipside, the heat of the initial sweat will also destroy some compounds present in raw onion, much like how raw garlic is different than sautéed garlic which is different from roasted garlic. Many recipes probably include a sweat purposefully to remove the "bight" you get from raw onion. Of course those flavor compounds may also be desirable for some dishes.
Sweating also introduces evaporation, but this probably isn't one of the bigger factors.
Finally, a lot of the above arguments also pertains to the oil as well. Olive oil that's been sautéed with something is going to taste differently in the end compared to just throwing it in while the soup is boiling. (As Anastasia Zendaya points out, the flavors of the thing you are sautéing will be added to the oil, but I'm focusing more on how the heat itself is changing the fat you are using).

score 0 · Answer 4 · answered Dec 28 '20 at 17:12

I agree with the answers noting temperature and flavor. Fat carries flavor better than water.

To add another perspective, Salt Fat Acid Heat notes why not to cook onions in acidic liquids. (That may be the case if you are making, say, a tomato heavy stew):

Anything containing cellulose or pectin, including legumes, fruits, and vegetables, will cook much more slowly in the presence of acid. [...] The acid in tomatoes explains why those pesky onions float to the top of a pot of sauce or soup and stay there, never getting soft, even after hours of cooking.

Funny enough, I had just read this section and ran a small experiment to see if I could confirm it.

I boiled two sets of 70g of diced Spanish onion for three minutes. In the picture below, the onions on the left were cooked in 2 cups water, and the onions on the right in 1.75 cups water + .25 cups white vinegar.

Onions cooked in the presence of vinegar had more of a bite.

While this doesn’t directly answer the question, I love the experiment and tangential information. — Stephie, Dec 28 '20 at 19:50

Does it matter if I sauté onions for high liquid foods?

4 Answers4