膨れる

Japanese

Etymology
Kanji in this term
膨
ふく
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
脹れる

From Old Japanese 膨る (pukuru), following 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”), from Proto-Japonic *pukoru.

Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

Compare 膨らむ (fukuramu, “to swell, to get bigger”), 膨らます (fukuramasu, “to make swell, to fill up”), and 袋 (fukuro, “bag”), from the way a bag is filled with items.

First cited to the Man’yōshū, completed sometime after 759 CE.[1]

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) ふくれる [fùkúrérú] (Heiban – [0])[2]
  • IPA(key): [ɸɯ̟ᵝkɯ̟ᵝɾe̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "膨れる"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 膨れる ふくれる [fùkúrérú]
Imperative (命令形) 膨れろ ふくれろ [fùkúréró]
Key constructions
Passive 膨れられる ふくれられる [fùkúrérárérú]
Causative 膨れさせる ふくれさせる [fùkúrésásérú]
Potential - - -
Volitional 膨れよう ふくれよ​ー [fùkúréyóꜜò]
Negative 膨れない ふくれない [fùkúrénáí]
Negative perfective 膨れなかった ふくれな​かった [fùkúrénáꜜkàttà]
Formal 膨れます ふくれま​す [fùkúrémáꜜsù]
Perfective 膨れた ふくれた [fùkúrétá]
Conjunctive 膨れて ふくれて [fùkúrété]
Hypothetical conditional 膨れれば ふくれれ​ば [fùkúréréꜜbà]

Verb

膨(ふく)れる • (fukureru) intransitive ichidan (stem 膨(ふく)れ (fukure), past 膨(ふく)れた (fukureta))

  1. to swell, to expand

Usage notes

Lua error in Module:utilities at line 142: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'h' (a nil value) is used to describe something that happens due to an abnormality or external force, not necessarily with a positive sense.

  • パンが膨(ふく)れる、躯(むくろ)が膨(ふく)れる、頬(ほお)が膨(ふく)れる
    pan ga fukureru, mukuro ga fukureru, hō ga fukureru
    the bread rises, the corpse bloats, one's cheeks puff up (→ one pouts or sulks)

Its synonym, the intransitive verb 膨らむ (fukuramu) is used to describe something that happens naturally of its own accord, generally with a positive sense.

  • 蕾(つぼみ)が膨(ふく)らむ、夢(ゆめ)が膨(ふく)らむ、胸(むね)が〔幸(しあわ)せなどで〕膨(ふく)らむ
    tsubomi ga fukuramu, yume ga fukuramu, mune ga 〔shiawase nado de〕 fukuramu
    the buds swell, one's dreams grow bigger, one's chest swells [with joy, etc.]

Conjugation
Conjugation of "膨れる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 膨れ ふくれ fukure
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 膨れ ふくれ fukure
Shūshikei ("terminal") 膨れる ふくれる fukureru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 膨れる ふくれる fukureru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 膨れれ ふくれれ fukurere
Meireikei ("imperative") 膨れよ¹
膨れろ²		 ふくれよ¹
ふくれろ²		 fukureyo¹
fukurero²
Key constructions
Passive 膨れられる ふくれられる fukurerareru
Causative 膨れさせる
膨れさす		 ふくれさせる
ふくれさす		 fukuresaseru
fukuresasu
Potential 膨れられる
膨れれる³		 ふくれられる
ふくれれる³		 fukurerareru
fukurereru³
Volitional 膨れよう ふくれよう fukureyō
Negative 膨れない
膨れぬ
膨れん		 ふくれない
ふくれぬ
ふくれん		 fukurenai
fukurenu
fukuren
Negative continuative 膨れず ふくれず fukurezu
Formal 膨れます ふくれます fukuremasu
Perfective 膨れた ふくれた fukureta
Conjunctive 膨れて ふくれて fukurete
Hypothetical conditional 膨れれば ふくれれば fukurereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

References
  1. “脹・膨”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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