Turkish National Movement
The Turkish National Movement (Turkish: Türk Ulusal Hareketi) also known as the Anatolian Movement (Turkish: Anadolu Hareketi) included political and military activities of the Turkish revolutionaries that resulted in the creation and shaping of the modern Republic of Turkey, as a consequence of the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I and the subsequent occupation of Constantinople and partitioning of the Ottoman Empire by the Allies under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros. The Turkish revolutionaries rebelled against this partitioning and against the Treaty of Sèvres, signed in 1920 by the Ottoman government, which partitioned portions of Anatolia itself.
| Turkish National Movement | |
|---|---|
| Türk Ulusal Hareketi | |
Prominent nationalists at the Sivas Congress. Left to right: Ahmet Muzaffer (Kılıç), Rauf Bey (Orbay), Bekir Sami (Kunduh), Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk), Ruşen Eşref (Ünaydın), Cemil Cahit (Toydemir), Cevat Abbas (Gürer). | |
| Leader | Mustafa Kemal Pasha |
| Dates of operation | June 22, 1919–October 29, 1923 |
| Split from | Young Turks |
| Merged into | Republican People's Party |
| Country | Turkey |
| Allegiance | Government of the Grand National Assembly |
| Motives | Opposition to the partition of the Ottoman Empire |
| Headquarters | Ankara |
| Active regions | Anatolia, Thrace |
| Ideology | Turkish nationalism |
| Allies | Russia Ukraine Azerbaijan Bukhara Italy France (from 1921) |
| Opponents | Entente
Ottoman Empire Georgia |
| Battles and wars | Turkish War of Independence |
This establishment of an alliance of Turkish revolutionaries during the partitioning resulted in the Turkish War of Independence, the genocides of the Anatolian native nations, the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate on 1 November 1922 and the declaration of the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923. The movement organized itself into the Association for the Defence of National Rights of Anatolia and Rumeli, which eventually declared that the only source of governance for the Turkish people would be the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.
The movement was created in 1919 through a series of agreements and conferences throughout Anatolia and Thrace. The process was aimed to unite independent movements around the country to build a common voice and is attributed to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, as he was the primary spokesperson, public figure, and military leader of the movement.