Tonkin (French protectorate)
Tonkin (chữ Nôm: 東京), or Bắc Kỳ (北圻), was a French protectorate encompassing modern Northern Vietnam. Like the French protectorate of Annam, Tonkin was still nominally ruled by the Nguyễn dynasty, but in 1886, the French separated Tonkin from the Nguyễn imperial court in Huế by establishing the office of "Viceroy" (經略衙, Kinh lược nha). However, on 26 July 1897, the position of Viceroy was abolished, officially making the French resident-superior of Tonkin both the representative of the French colonial administration and the Nguyễn dynasty court in Huế, giving him the power to appoint local mandarins. In 1887, Tonkin became a part of the Union of Indochina.
Protectorate of Tonkin | |
|---|---|
| 1883–1945 1946–1948 (1950) | |
| Motto: Liberté, égalité, fraternité" "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" | |
| Anthem: "La Marseillaise" | |
| Great Seal of the Viceroy of Tonkin Khâm sai đại thần quan phòng 欽差大臣關防 (Until 1897) | |
Administrative divisions of Tonkin 1920 | |
| Status | Protectorate of France (1883–1945) Constituent territory of French Indochina (1887–1948) |
| Capital | Hanoi |
| Common languages | French, Vietnamese, Central Tai languages, Southwestern Tai languages, Hmongic languages, Mienic languages |
| Religion | Mahayana Buddhism Confucianism Taoism Catholicism Folk religion |
| Demonym(s) | Tonkinese |
| Government | Absolute monarchy under colonial administration |
| Resident-Superior | |
• 1886 | Paulin François Alexandre Vial |
• 1947–1948 | Yves Jean Digo |
| Kinh lược sứ (Viceroy of Tonkin) | |
• 1883–1885 | Nguyễn Hữu Độ (first) |
• 1890–1897 | Hoàng Cao Khải (last) |
| Legislature | None (rule by decree) |
| Historical era | New Imperialism |
| 25 August 1883 | |
| 6 June 1884 | |
| September 1940 | |
| 25 August 1945 | |
• Creation of the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam | 1948 |
• Ratification of the Élysée Accords by the French, formally recognising the end of the protectorate over Vietnam | 1950 |
| Population | |
• 1885 | 7,487,000 |
• 1939 | 11,509,000 |
| Currency | Vietnamese cash, French Indochinese piastre |
| Today part of | Vietnam China ∟Zhanjiang |
In 1945, the emperor Bảo Đại rescinded the Patenôtre Treaty, ending the French protectorates over Annam and Tonkin, creating the Empire of Vietnam, a Japanese puppet state. Following the surrender of Japan, ending World War II, the Việt Minh launched the August Revolution which led to the abolition of the Nguyễn dynasty and the Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
Tonkin was briefly occupied by the Chinese National Army before being returned to France. After eliminating virtually all nationalist oppositions, the communist-led Việt Minh clashed with the French over control of the territory. In 1948, Tonkin and Annam were officially merged under the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam. The French legally maintained the protectorate until they formally signed over sovereignty to the Bảo Đại and the State of Vietnam in 1950 after signing the Élysée Accords in 1949.