Third Battle of Panipat
The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 14 January 1761 between the Maratha Confederacy and the invading army of the Durrani Empire. The battle took place in and around the city of Panipat, approximately 97 kilometres (60 mi) north of Delhi. The Afghans were supported by three key allies in India: Najib ad-Dawlah who persuaded the support of the Rohilla chiefs, elements of the declining Mughal Empire, and most prized the Oudh State under Shuja-ud-Daula. The Maratha army was led by Sadashivrao Bhau, who was third-highest authority of the Maratha Confederacy after the Chhatrapati and the Peshwa. The bulk of the Maratha army was stationed in the Deccan Plateau with the Peshwa.
| Third Battle of Panipat | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Afghan–Maratha conflicts | |||||||||
c. 1770 Faizabad-style painting of the Third Battle of Panipat; the centre of the image is dominated by the twin arcs of the lines of guns firing at each other with smoke and destruction in between. | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
|
Supported by: Kingdom of Rohilkhand Amb State Khanate of Kalat Kingdom of Awadh | Maratha Confederacy | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Ahmad Shah Durrani Afghan officers:
Rohilla, Kalat, Oudh, and Mughal officers:
|
Balaji Bajirao Maratha officers:
| ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
|
42,000 Afghan cavalry, of which 28,000 was regular cavalry 32,000 Rohilla infantry 2,000 Zamburak (camel gun) |
55,000 Maratha cavalry, of which 11,000 was regular cavalry 9,000 Gardi infantry 200,000 non-combatants (pilgrims and camp-followers) | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
|
15,000 Rohillas killed and wounded 5,000 Afghans killed and wounded |
30,000 killed in battle 10,000 killed while retreating 10,000 missing | ||||||||
|
50,000 non-combatants executed following the battle 9,000 in revenge killings following the battle Estimated 22,000 enslaved | |||||||||
Militarily, the battle pitted the artillery, musketry, and cavalry of the Marathas against the heavy cavalry, musketry (jezail) and mounted artillery (zamburak) of the Afghans and the Rohillas led by Abdali and Najib ad-Dawlah. The battle is considered to have been one of the largest and most eventful fought in the 18th century, and it had perhaps the largest number of fatalities in a single day reported in a classic formation battle between two armies.
The battle lasted for several days and involved over 125,000 troops; protracted skirmishes occurred, with losses and gains on both sides. The Afghan army ultimately emerged victorious from the battle after successfully destroying several Maratha flanks. The extent of the losses on both sides is heavily disputed by historians, but it is believed that between 60,000 and 70,000 troops were killed in the fighting, while the numbers of injured and prisoners taken vary considerably. According to the single-best eyewitness chronicle—the bakhar by Shuja-ud-Daula's Diwan Kashi Raja—about 40,000 Maratha prisoners were collectively slaughtered on the day after the battle. British historian Grant Duff includes an interview of a survivor of these massacres in his History of the Marathas and generally corroborates this number. Shejwalkar, whose monograph Panipat 1761 is often regarded as the single-best secondary source on the battle, says that "not less than 100,000 Marathas (soldiers and non-combatants) perished during and after the battle".