Shavit 2
Shavit 2 (Hebrew: "comet" – שביט) is a small lift launch vehicle produced by Israel from 1982 onwards, to launch satellites into low Earth orbit. It was first launched on 19 September 1988 (carrying an Ofek-1 satellite payload), making Israel the eighth nation to have an orbital launch capability after the USSR, United States, France, Japan, People's Republic of China, United Kingdom, and India.
| Function | Expendable launch vehicle |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer | Israel Aerospace Industries |
| Country of origin | Israel |
| Cost per launch | $18M |
| Size | |
| Height | 26.4 m |
| Diameter | 1.35 m |
| Mass | 30,500–70,000 kg |
| Stages | 4 |
| Capacity | |
| Payload to LEO | |
| Mass | 350–800 kg |
| Launch history | |
| Status | Active |
| Launch sites | Palmachim Airbase |
| Total launches | 12 |
| Success(es) | 10 |
| Failure(s) | 2 |
| First flight | 19 September 1988 |
| Last flight | 28 March 2023 |
| First stage (LeoLink LK-1) – LK-1 | |
| Powered by | LK-1 |
| Maximum thrust | 553.8 kN (124,499 lbf) |
| Specific impulse | 268 seconds |
| Burn time | 55 seconds |
| Propellant | HTPB |
| First stage (LeoLink LK-2) – Castor 120 | |
| Maximum thrust | 1650.2 kN (370,990 lbf) |
| Specific impulse | 280 seconds |
| Burn time | 82 seconds |
| Propellant | HTPB polymer, Class 1.3 C |
| Second stage – LK-1 | |
| Powered by | 1 LK-1 |
| Maximum thrust | 515.8 kN |
| Specific impulse | 268 seconds |
| Burn time | 55 seconds |
| Propellant | HTPB |
| Third stage – RSA-3-3 | |
| Powered by | 1 RSA-3-3 |
| Maximum thrust | 58.6 kN |
| Specific impulse | 298 seconds |
| Burn time | 94 seconds |
| Propellant | Solid |
| Fourth stage – LK-4 | |
| Powered by | 1 LK-4 |
| Maximum thrust | 0.402 kN |
| Specific impulse | 200 seconds |
| Burn time | 800 seconds |
| Propellant | Hydrazine |
The Shavit 2 project is believed to have been an offshoot development, resulting from Israel's Jericho nuclear armed intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) program.
Shavit rockets are launched from Palmachim Airbase by the Israel Space Agency into highly retrograde orbits over the Mediterranean Sea to prevent debris coming down in populated areas and also to avoid flying over nations hostile to Israel to the east; this results in a lower payload-to-orbit than east-directed launches would allow. The launcher consists of three stages powered by solid-fuel rocket motors, with an optional liquid-fuel fourth stage, and is manufactured by Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI).
The Republic of South Africa produced and tested a licensed version in cooperation with Israel called the RSA-3 in an ultimately unsuccessful bid to produce a domestic satellite launch vehicle and ballistic missile; the South African program was closed in 1994.
An earlier unrelated project called Shavit 2 was the first Israeli sounding rocket, launched on 5 July 1961 for meteorological research. Shavit Three, with an altitude reported as 100 miles (160 km), was launched on 11 August 1961.