Shah Jahan

Mirza Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram (5 January 1592 – 22 January 1666), also known as Shah Jahan I (Persian pronunciation: [ʃɑːh d͡ʒahɑːn]; lit.'King of the World'), was the fifth Mughal Emperor, reigning from 1628 until 1658. Under his emperorship, the Mughals reached the peak of their architectural achievements and cultural glory.

Shah Jahan I
Padishah
Ghazi
Al-Sultan Al-Azam
Portrait by Bichitr, c.1630
5th Mughal Emperor
Reign19 January 1628 –31 July 1658
Coronation14 February 1628
PredecessorJahangir I
Shahriyar (de facto)
SuccessorAurangzeb
BornKhurram
(1592-01-05)5 January 1592
Lahore, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire
(modern-day Punjab, Pakistan)
Died22 January 1666(1666-01-22) (aged 74)
Agra, Agra Subah, Mughal Empire
(modern-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
Burial
Taj Mahal, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
Consort
(m. 1612; died 1631)
Wives
Issue
among others...
Names
Mirza Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram Shah Jahan
Regnal name
Shah Jahan
Posthumous name
Firduas Ashiyani (lit.'One who nest in Paradise') فردوس آشیانی
HouseHouse of Babur
DynastyTimurid dynasty
FatherJahangir I
MotherBilqis Makani
ReligionSunni Islam (Hanafi)
Imperial Seal

The third son of Jahangir (r.1605–1627), Shah Jahan participated in the military campaigns against the Sisodia Rajputs of Mewar and the rebel Lodi nobles of the Deccan. After Jahangir's death in October 1627, Shah Jahan defeated his youngest brother Shahryar Mirza and crowned himself emperor in the Agra Fort. In addition to Shahryar, Shah Jahan executed most of his rival claimants to the throne. He commissioned many monuments, including the Red Fort, Shah Jahan Mosque and the Taj Mahal, where his favorite consort Mumtaz Mahal is entombed. In foreign affairs, Shah Jahan presided over the aggressive campaigns against the Deccan Sultanates, the conflicts with the Portuguese, and the wars with the Safavids. He also suppressed several local rebellions, and dealt with the devastating Deccan famine of 1630–32.

In September 1657, Shah Jahan was ailing and appointed his eldest son Dara Shikoh as his successor. This nomination led to a succession crisis among his three sons, from which Shah Jahan's third son Aurangzeb (r.1658–1707) emerged victorious and became the sixth emperor, executing all of his surviving brothers, including Crown Prince Dara Shikoh. After Shah Jahan recovered from his illness in July 1658, Aurangzeb imprisoned his father in Agra Fort from July 1658 until his death in January 1666. He was laid to rest next to his wife in the Taj Mahal. His reign is known for doing away with the liberal policies initiated by his grandfather Akbar. During Shah Jahan's time, Islamic revivalist movements like the Naqshbandi began to shape Mughal policies.

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