Revolt of Abd al-Salam

The Revolt of Abd al-Salam (Hausa: Tāwāyēn Abd al-Salam) was a rebellion (tāwāyē in Hausa) against the Sokoto Caliphate, driven by perceived bias against the Hausawa. The revolt was led by Mallam Abd al-Salam, a highly respected Hausa scholar. Abd al-Salam was among the leaders of the Sokoto Revolution that led to the establishment of the caliphate. However, as time went on, he grew disillusioned with the rewards he received compared to other leaders, many of whom were of Fulbe ethnicity.^{: 221 : 65–70}

This revolt gained momentum during the rule of Sultan Muhammad Bello, the second Sultan of the Sokoto Caliphate, but its roots can be traced back even before the death of Usman dan Fodio, the founder and spiritual leader of the caliphate. Abd al-Salam's discontent with the perceived preferential treatment of the Fulbe leaders and his sense of being inadequately rewarded led him to spearhead this rebellion against the Caliphate's authority.^: 221

Abd al-Salam's rebellion found support primarily among the Hausa people who shared his grievances of unfair treatment under the Sokoto Caliphate. Many of his followers and fellow rebels belonged to the Hausa ethnic group, and they too felt marginalized and disadvantaged within the caliphate's administration. Additionally, the ranks of the Hausa rebels included individuals who had previously formed the aristocracy of the Hausa kingdoms before the establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate. Fleeing their lands to escape the authority of the caliphate, these rebels joined Abd al-Salam's revolt, seeking to challenge the dominance of the Fulbe leaders and regain their autonomy. The revolt of Abd al-Salam and his fellow Hausa rebels represented a significant challenge to the Sokoto Caliphate's authority, as they sought to address perceived inequalities and reclaim their political rights within the realm.^: 65–70