Prolactin

PRL
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1RW5, 2Q98, 3D48, 3EW3, 3MZG, 3N06, 3N0P, 3NCB, 3NCC, 3NCE, 3NCF, 3NPZ
Identifiers
Aliases	PRL, GHA1, prolactin
External IDs	OMIM: 176760 MGI: 97762 HomoloGene: 732 GeneCards: PRL
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 6 (human)
End	22,302,826 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 13 (mouse)
End	27,249,188 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	pituitary gland; ; anterior pituitary; ; stromal cell of endometrium; ; gastric mucosa; ; secondary oocyte; ; right coronary artery; ; tibialis anterior muscle; ; myometrium; ; thymus; ; embryo;
	Top expressed in
	pituitary gland; ; anterior pituitary; ; cingulate gyrus; ; superior frontal gyrus; ; sensory ganglion; ; cochlea; ; amygdala; ; visual cortex; ; substantia nigra; ; cerebellum;
	More reference expression data
	n/a
Gene ontology
Molecular function	prolactin receptor binding; protein binding; hormone activity;
Cellular component	extracellular region; endosome lumen; secretory granule; extracellular space;
Biological process	female pregnancy; cell surface receptor signaling pathway; growth hormone receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT; lactation; cell population proliferation; positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT; regulation of multicellular organism growth; regulation of signaling receptor activity; negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation; negative regulation of angiogenesis; positive regulation of pri-miRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II; birth; response to nutrient; circadian rhythm; positive regulation of cell population proliferation; response to organic cyclic compound; regulation of ossification; response to estradiol; response to lipopolysaccharide; cellular response to hormone stimulus; multicellular organismal response to stress; ovulation cycle; response to ethanol; positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation; mammary gland development; response to nutrient levels; positive regulation of lactation;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	5617
	19109
	ENSG00000172179
	ENSMUSG00000021342
	P01236
	P06879
	NM_000948; NM_001163558
	NM_001163530; NM_011164
	NP_000939; NP_001157030
	NP_001157002; NP_035294
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Prolactin (PRL), also known as lactotropin and mammotropin, is a protein best known for its role in enabling mammals to produce milk. It is influential in over 300 separate processes in various vertebrates, including humans. Prolactin is secreted from the pituitary gland in response to eating, mating, estrogen treatment, ovulation and nursing. It is secreted heavily in pulses in between these events. Prolactin plays an essential role in metabolism, regulation of the immune system and pancreatic development.

Discovered in non-human animals around 1930 by Oscar Riddle and confirmed in humans in 1970 by Henry Friesen, prolactin is a peptide hormone, encoded by the PRL gene.

In mammals, prolactin is associated with milk production; in fish it is thought to be related to the control of water and salt balance. Prolactin also acts in a cytokine-like manner and as an important regulator of the immune system. It has important cell cycle-related functions as a growth-, differentiating- and anti-apoptotic factor. As a growth factor, binding to cytokine-like receptors, it influences hematopoiesis and angiogenesis and is involved in the regulation of blood clotting through several pathways. The hormone acts in endocrine, autocrine, and paracrine manners through the prolactin receptor and numerous cytokine receptors.

Pituitary prolactin secretion is regulated by endocrine neurons in the hypothalamus. The most important of these are the neurosecretory tuberoinfundibulum (TIDA) neurons of the arcuate nucleus that secrete dopamine (a.k.a. Prolactin Inhibitory Hormone) to act on the D₂ receptors of lactotrophs, causing inhibition of prolactin secretion. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone has a stimulatory effect on prolactin release, although prolactin is the only anterior pituitary hormone whose principal control is inhibitory.

Several variants and forms are known per species. Many fish have variants prolactin A and prolactin B. Most vertebrates, including humans, also have the closely related somatolactin. In humans, 14, 16, and 22 kDa variants exist.

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