Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle

Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
	PSLV-C35 on the SDSC FLP
Function	Medium-lift launch system
Manufacturer	ISRO
Country of origin	India
Cost per launch	₹130 crore (equivalent to ₹153 crore or US$19 million in 2023); -₹200 crore (equivalent to ₹235 crore or US$29 million in 2023)
Size
Height	44 m (144 ft)
Diameter	2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)
Mass	PSLV-G: 295,000 kg (650,000 lb); PSLV-CA: 230,000 kg (510,000 lb); PSLV-XL: 320,000 kg (710,000 lb)
Stages	4
Capacity
Payload to LEO (200 km @ 30° inclination)
Mass	G: 3,200 kg (7,100 lb); CA: 2,100 kg (4,600 lb); XL: 3,800 kg (8,400 lb);
Payload to SSO (620 km circular)
Mass	G: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb); CA: 1,100 kg (2,400 lb); XL: 1,750 kg (3,860 lb);
Payload to Sub-GTO (284 × 20650 km)
Mass	1,425 kg (3,142 lb); (PSLV-XL)
Payload to GTO
Mass	G: 1,150 kg (2,540 lb); XL: 1,300 kg (2,900 lb);
Associated rockets
Comparable	Vega, Nuri
Launch history
Status	Active
Launch sites	Satish Dhawan Space Centre
Total launches	60
Success(es)	57
Failure(s)	2
Partial failure(s)	1
First flight	PSLV-G: 20 September 1993; PSLV-CA: 23 April 2007; PSLV-XL: 22 October 2008; PSLV-DL: 24 January 2019; PSLV-QL: 1 April 2019;
Last flight	PSLV-G: 26 September 2016; PSLV-CA: 30 July 2023; PSLV-XL: 2 September 2023; PSLV-DL: 1 January 2024; PSLV-QL: 11 December 2019;
Type of passengers/cargo	Chandrayaan-1; Mars Orbiter Mission; Astrosat; SRE-1; NAVIC; Aditya-L1;
Boosters (PSLV-G) – S9
No. boosters	6
Powered by	off
Maximum thrust	510 kN (110,000 lbf)
Specific impulse	262 s (2.57 km/s)
Burn time	44 s
Propellant	HTPB
Boosters (PSLV-XL/QL/DL) – S12
No. boosters	6 (XL); 4 (QL); 2 (DL)
Height	12 m (39 ft)
Diameter	1 m (3 ft 3 in)
Propellant mass	12,200 kg (26,900 lb) each
Powered by	off
Maximum thrust	703.5 kN (158,200 lbf)
Total thrust	4,221 kN (949,000 lbf) (XL); 2,814 kN (633,000 lbf) (QL); 1,407 kN (316,000 lbf) (DL)
Specific impulse	262 s (2.57 km/s)
Burn time	70 s
Propellant	HTPB
First stage
Height	20 m (66 ft)
Diameter	2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)
Propellant mass	138,200 kg (304,700 lb) each
Powered by	S139
Maximum thrust	4,846.9 kN (1,089,600 lbf)
Specific impulse	237 s (2.32 km/s) (sea level); 269 s (2.64 km/s) (vacuum)
Burn time	110 s
Propellant	HTPB
Second stage
Height	12.8 m (42 ft)
Diameter	2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)
Propellant mass	42,000 kg (93,000 lb) each
Powered by	1 Vikas
Maximum thrust	803.7 kN (180,700 lbf)
Specific impulse	293 s (2.87 km/s)
Burn time	133 s
Propellant	N2O4/UDMH
Third stage
Height	3.6 m (12 ft)
Diameter	2 m (6 ft 7 in)
Propellant mass	7,600 kg (16,800 lb) each
Powered by	S-7
Maximum thrust	250 kN (56,000 lbf)
Specific impulse	295 s (2.89 km/s)
Burn time	113.5 s
Propellant	HTPB
Fourth stage
Height	3 m (9.8 ft)
Diameter	1.3 m (4 ft 3 in)
Propellant mass	2,500 kg (5,500 lb) each
Powered by	2 x L-2-5
Maximum thrust	14.66 kN (3,300 lbf)
Specific impulse	308 s (3.02 km/s)
Burn time	525 s
Propellant	MMH/MON

The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is an expendable medium-lift launch vehicle designed and operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It was developed to allow India to launch its Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites into Sun-synchronous orbits, a service that was, until the advent of the PSLV in 1993, only commercially available from Russia. PSLV can also launch small size satellites into Geostationary Transfer Orbit (GTO).

Some notable payloads launched by PSLV include India's first lunar probe Chandrayaan-1, India's first interplanetary mission, Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan), India's first space observatory, Astrosat and India's first Solar mission, Aditya-L1.

PSLV has gained credibility as a leading provider of rideshare services for small satellites, owing to its numerous multi-satellite deployment campaigns with auxiliary payloads, usually ride-sharing along with an Indian primary payload. As of June 2022, PSLV has launched 345 foreign satellites from 36 countries. Most notable among these was the launch of PSLV-C37 on 15 February 2017, successfully deploying 104 satellites in Sun-synchronous orbit, tripling the previous record held by Russia for the highest number of satellites sent to space on a single launch, until 24 January 2021, when SpaceX launched the Transporter-1 mission on a Falcon 9 rocket carrying 143 satellites into orbit.

Payloads can be integrated in tandem configuration employing a Dual Launch Adapter. Smaller payloads are also placed on equipment deck and customized payload adapters.

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