Operative vaginal delivery

Operative vaginal delivery, also known as assisted or instrumental vaginal delivery, is a vaginal delivery that is assisted by the use of forceps or a vacuum extractor.

Operative vaginal delivery is required in times of maternal or fetal distress to assist in childbirth as an alternative to caesarean section. Its use has decreased over the years in comparison to caesarean section. The two main instruments used are rotational forceps and vacuum extractors, each with different complication risks. Possible complications introduced with the use of instruments for the mother include pelvic floor injury, anal sphincter injury, bleeding, or cuts. Possible complications to the infant include bruising to the scalp, retinal bleeding, and scrapes to the scalp and face.