National Protection War

National Protection War
Date	25 December 1915 – 14 July 1916 (6 months, and 20 days)
Location	Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces.
Result	Republican victory Abdication of Yuan Shikai; Dissolution of the Empire of China and restoration of the Republic of China; Start of the Warlord Era;
Belligerents
Empire of China	Republic of China Yunnan clique; Guizhou clique; Old Guangxi clique;
Commanders and leaders
Yuan Shikai ; Zhang Jingyao; Ma Jizeng; Cao Kun; Feng Yuxiang; Lu Jianzhang	Cai E; Tang Jiyao; Liang Qichao; Li Liejun; Lu Rongting; Feng Guozhang
Strength
700,000+	200,000+

The National Protection War (simplified Chinese: 护国战争; traditional Chinese: 護國戰爭; pinyin: Hù guó zhànzhēng), also known as the Anti-Monarchy War, was a civil war that took place in China between 1915 and 1916. Only three years earlier, the last Chinese dynasty, the Qing dynasty, had been overthrown and the Republic of China was established in its place. The cause of the war was the proclamation by Yuan Shikai, the President of the Republic, of himself as the Hongxian Emperor of China.

In Yunnan province, military leaders, including Tang Jiyao, Cai E and Li Liejun, declared their independence and launched military expeditions against Yuan Shikai. Yuan's army experienced several defeats and fractured, which led other provinces in the south to declare independence as well. Eventually, under immense pressure from the entire nation, Yuan Shikai was forced to abdicate. He resumed his rule as President and died a few months later.

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