Transition from Ming to Qing
The transition from Ming to Qing or the Manchu conquest of China from 1618 to 1683 saw the transition between two major dynasties in Chinese history. It was a decades-long conflict between the emerging Qing dynasty, the incumbent Ming dynasty, and several smaller factions (like the Shun dynasty and Xi dynasty). It ended with the consolidation of Qing rule, and the fall of the Ming and several other factions.
| Ming-Qing transition | ||||||||
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Battle of Shanhai Pass, one of the major battles during the Ming–Qing transition | ||||||||
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| Belligerents | ||||||||
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Qing dynasty Aisin-Gioro clan Manchus Ming defectors Southern and Eastern Mongols Joseon (Korea; after 1636) Dutch East India Company |
Ming dynasty (1618–1644) Southern Ming dynasty (1644–1662):
Combat support: Joseon (Korea; until 1636) Yehe Jurchens Tiandihui Kingdom of Tungning (1661–1683) Northern Yuan dynasty (1618–1635) Chagatai Yarkent Khanate (1646–1650) Kumul Khanate Turpan Khanate Armament support: Tokugawa Shogunate (Japan) Kingdom of Portugal English East India Company |
Shun dynasty (Li Zicheng) Xi dynasty (Zhang Xianzhong) Kingdom of Shu (She-An Rebellion) Nanai Hurka | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | ||||||||
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Supported by:
Zhu Hengjia, Prince of Jingjiang Zhu Yuyue, Prince of Tang (Shaowu Emperor) |
Sosoku | ||||||
| Strength | ||||||||
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Manchu, Mongol, Han Bannermen Han Green Standard Army defectors (after 1644) by 1648, Han Bannermen made up 75% of the Eight Banners while Manchus at only 16%. | Han Chinese soldiers, Hui Muslim soldiers, and Mongol cavalry |
Shun dynasty army varies between 60,000 and 100,000 men Zhang Xianzhong's army – 100,000 men 300,000 Yi warriors Nanai Hurka: 6,000 | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | ||||||||
| 25,000,000 deaths overall, including civilians | ||||||||
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