Lithium iron phosphate battery

Lithium iron phosphate battery
	A Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) AA battery (right) shown next to a battery placeholder (left)
Specific energy	90–160 Wh/kg (320–580 J/g or kJ/kg)
Energy density	325 Wh/L (1200 kJ/L)
Specific power	around 200 W/kg
Energy/consumer-price	1-4 Wh/US$
Time durability	> 10 years
Cycle durability	2,750–12,000 cycles
Nominal cell voltage	3.2 V

The lithium iron phosphate battery (LiFePO
₄ battery) or LFP battery (lithium ferrophosphate) is a type of lithium-ion battery using lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO
₄) as the cathode material, and a graphitic carbon electrode with a metallic backing as the anode. Because of their low cost, high safety, low toxicity, long cycle life and other factors, LFP batteries are finding a number of roles in vehicle use, utility-scale stationary applications, and backup power. LFP batteries are cobalt-free. As of September 2022, LFP type battery market share for EVs reached 31%, and of that, 68% was from Tesla and Chinese EV maker BYD production alone. Chinese manufacturers currently hold a near monopoly of LFP battery type production. With patents having started to expire in 2022 and the increased demand for cheaper EV batteries, LFP type production is expected to rise further and surpass lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (NMC) type batteries in 2028.

The energy density of LFP batteries is lower than that of other common lithium ion battery types such as nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) and nickel cobalt aluminum (NCA). The energy density of CATL's LFP battery is currently 125 Watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/kg) and up to possibly 160 Wh/kg with improved packing technology. BYD's LFP battery energy density is 150 Wh/kg. The best NMC batteries exhibit energy densities of over 300 Wh/kg. Notably, the energy density of Panasonic’s “2170” NCA batteries used in Tesla’s 2020 Model 3 is around 260 Wh/kg, which is 70% of its "pure chemicals" value. LFP batteries also exhibit a lower operating voltage than other lithium-ion battery types.

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