Keystone Pipeline
The Keystone Pipeline System is an oil pipeline system in Canada and the United States, commissioned in 2010 and owned by TC Energy and, as of March 2020, the Government of Alberta. It runs from the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin in Alberta to refineries in Illinois and Texas, and also to oil tank farms and an oil pipeline distribution center in Cushing, Oklahoma.
| Keystone Pipeline System (partly operational and proposed) | |
|---|---|
Keystone Pipeline route | |
| Location | |
| Country | Canada United States |
| General information | |
| Type | Crude oil |
| Owner | TC Energy |
| Website | www.tcenergy.com/operations |
| Keystone Pipeline (Phase 1) | |
|---|---|
| Location | |
| From | Hardisty, Alberta |
| Passes through | Regina, Saskatchewan Steele City, Nebraska |
| To | Wood River, Illinois Patoka, Illinois (end) |
| General information | |
| Type | Crude oil |
| Status | Complete |
| Construction started | Q2 2008 |
| Commissioned | June 2010 |
| Technical information | |
| Length | 3,456 km (2,147 mi) |
| Maximum discharge | 0.86 million barrels per day (~4.3×107 t/a) |
| Diameter | 30 in (762 mm) |
| No. of pumping stations | 39 |
| Keystone-Cushing Project (Phase 2) | |
|---|---|
| Location | |
| From | Steele City, Nebraska |
| To | Cushing, Oklahoma |
| General information | |
| Type | Crude oil |
| Status | Complete |
| Contractors | WorleyParsons |
| Construction started | 2010 |
| Commissioned | February 2011 |
| Technical information | |
| Length | 468 km (291 mi) |
| Diameter | 36 in (914 mm) |
| No. of pumping stations | 4 |
| Cushing Marketlink Project (Phase 3a) | |
|---|---|
| Location | |
| From | Cushing, Oklahoma |
| Passes through | Liberty County, Texas |
| To | Nederland, Texas |
| General information | |
| Type | Crude oil |
| Status | Complete |
| Contractors | WorleyParsons |
| Construction started | Summer 2012 |
| Commissioned | January 2014 |
| Technical information | |
| Length | 784 km (487 mi) |
| Maximum discharge | 0.7 million barrels per day (~3.5×107 t/a) |
| Diameter | 36 in (914 mm) |
| Houston Lateral Project (Phase 3b) | |
|---|---|
| Location | |
| From | Liberty County, Texas |
| To | Houston, Texas |
| General information | |
| Type | Crude oil |
| Status | Complete |
| Contractors | WorleyParsons |
| Construction started | 2013 |
| Commissioned | 2016, online 2017 |
| Technical information | |
| Length | 76 km (47 mi) |
| Keystone XL Pipeline (Phase 4) | |
|---|---|
| Location | |
| From | Hardisty, Alberta |
| Passes through | Baker, Montana |
| To | Steele City, Nebraska |
| General information | |
| Type | Crude oil |
| Status | Cancelled |
| Contractors | WorleyParsons |
| Technical information | |
| Length | 1,897 km (1,179 mi) |
| Diameter | 36 in (914 mm) |
| Website | www.keystonexl.com |
TransCanada Keystone Pipeline GP Ltd, abbreviated here as Keystone, operates four phases of the project. In 2013, the first two phases had the capacity to deliver up to 590,000 barrels (94,000 m3) per day of oil into the Midwest refineries. Phase III has capacity to deliver up to 700,000 barrels (110,000 m3) per day to the Texas refineries. By comparison, production of petroleum in the United States averaged 9.4 million barrels (1.5 million cubic meters) per day in first-half 2015, with gross exports of 500,000 barrels (79,000 m3) per day through July 2015.
A proposed fourth pipeline, called Keystone XL (sometimes abbreviated KXL, with XL standing for "export limited") Pipeline, would have connected the Phase I-pipeline terminals in Hardisty, Alberta, and Steele City, Nebraska, by a shorter route and a larger-diameter pipe. It would have run through Baker, Montana, where American-produced light crude oil from the Williston Basin (Bakken formation) of Montana and North Dakota would have been added to the Keystone's throughput of synthetic crude oil (syncrude) and diluted bitumen (dilbit) from the oil sands of Canada. It is unclear how much of the oil transported through the pipeline would have reached American consumers instead of being exported to other countries.
The pipeline became well known when the proposed KXL extension attracted opposition from environmentalists with concerns about climate change and fossil fuels. In 2015, KXL was temporarily delayed by President Barack Obama. On January 24, 2017, President Donald Trump took action intended to permit the pipeline's completion. On January 20, 2021, President Joe Biden signed an executive order to revoke the permit that was granted to TC Energy Corporation for the Keystone XL Pipeline (Phase 4). On June 9, 2021, TC Energy abandoned plans for the Keystone XL Pipeline.