Kaon
In particle physics, a kaon (/ˈkeɪ.ɒn/), also called a K meson and denoted
K
, is any of a group of four mesons distinguished by a quantum number called strangeness. In the quark model they are understood to be bound states of a strange quark (or antiquark) and an up or down antiquark (or quark).
| Composition | K+ : u s
K− : s u |
|---|---|
| Statistics | Bosonic |
| Family | Mesons |
| Interactions | Strong, weak, electromagnetic, gravitational |
| Symbol | K+ , K0 , K− |
| Antiparticle | K+ : K−
K− : K+ |
| Discovered | 1947 |
| Types | 4 |
| Mass | K± : 493.677±0.016 MeV/c2 K0 : 497.611±0.013 MeV/c2 |
| Mean lifetime | K± : (1.2380±0.0020)×10−8 s K S: (8.954±0.004)×10−11 s K L: (5.116±0.021)×10−8 s |
| Electric charge | K± : ±1 e K0 : 0 e |
| Spin | 0 ħ |
| Strangeness | K+ , K0 : +1 K− , K0 : −1 |
| Isospin | K+ , K0 : +1/2 K0 , K− : −1/2 |
| Parity | −1 |
Kaons have proved to be a copious source of information on the nature of fundamental interactions since their discovery in cosmic rays in 1947. They were essential in establishing the foundations of the Standard Model of particle physics, such as the quark model of hadrons and the theory of quark mixing (the latter was acknowledged by a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2008). Kaons have played a distinguished role in our understanding of fundamental conservation laws: CP violation, a phenomenon generating the observed matter–antimatter asymmetry of the universe, was discovered in the kaon system in 1964 (which was acknowledged by a Nobel Prize in 1980). Moreover, direct CP violation was discovered in the kaon decays in the early 2000s by the NA48 experiment at CERN and the KTeV experiment at Fermilab.