East Germany
East Germany (German: Ostdeutschland, pronounced [ˈɔstˌdɔʏtʃlant] ⓘ), officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik, pronounced [ˈdɔʏtʃə demoˈkʁaːtɪʃə ʁepuˈbliːk] ⓘ, DDR), was a country in Central Europe from its formation on 7 October 1949 until its reunification with West Germany on 3 October 1990. Until 1989, it was generally viewed as a communist state, and it described itself as a socialist "workers' and peasants' state". The economy of this country was centrally planned and state-owned. Although the GDR had to pay substantial war reparations to the Soviets, it became the most successful economy in the Eastern Bloc.
German Democratic Republic | |||||||||
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| 1949–1990 | |||||||||
| Motto: "Proletarier aller Länder, vereinigt Euch!" | |||||||||
| Anthem: "Auferstanden aus Ruinen" ("Risen from Ruins") | |||||||||
Territory of East Germany (green) in 1957 | |||||||||
| Capital and largest city | East Berlin 52°31′N 13°24′E | ||||||||
| Official languages | German Sorbian (in parts of Bezirk Dresden and Bezirk Cottbus) | ||||||||
| Religion | See Religion in East Germany | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) |
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| General Secretary | |||||||||
• 1946–1950 | Wilhelm Pieck and Otto Grotewohl | ||||||||
• 1950–1971 | Walter Ulbricht | ||||||||
• 1971–1989 | Erich Honecker | ||||||||
• 1989 | Egon Krenz | ||||||||
| Head of State | |||||||||
• 1949–1960 (first) | Wilhelm Pieck | ||||||||
• 1990 (last) | Sabine Bergmann-Pohl | ||||||||
| Head of Government | |||||||||
• 1949–1964 (first) | Otto Grotewohl | ||||||||
• 1990 (last) | Lothar de Maizière | ||||||||
| Legislature | Volkskammer | ||||||||
| Länderkammer | |||||||||
| Historical era | Cold War | ||||||||
| 7 October 1949 | |||||||||
| 16 June 1953 | |||||||||
| 14 May 1955 | |||||||||
| 4 June 1961 | |||||||||
• Basic Treaty with the FRG | 21 December 1972 | ||||||||
| 18 September 1973 | |||||||||
| 13 October 1989 | |||||||||
| 9 November 1989 | |||||||||
| 12 September 1990 | |||||||||
| 3 October 1990 | |||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• Total | 108,875 km2 (42,037 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1950 | 18,388,000 | ||||||||
• 1970 | 17,068,000 | ||||||||
• 1990 | 16,111,000 | ||||||||
• Density | 149/km2 (385.9/sq mi) | ||||||||
| GDP (PPP) | 1989 estimate | ||||||||
• Total | $525.29 billion | ||||||||
• Per capita | $26,631 | ||||||||
| HDI (1990 formula) | 0.953 very high | ||||||||
| Currency |
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| Time zone | (UTC+1) | ||||||||
| Driving side | right | ||||||||
| Calling code | +37 | ||||||||
| Internet TLD | .dd | ||||||||
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| Today part of | Germany | ||||||||
The initial Flag of East Germany (GDR) adopted in 1949 was identical to that of West Germany (FRG). In 1959, government of this country issued a new version of the flag bearing the national emblem, serving to distinguish East from West. | |||||||||
Before its establishment, the country's territory was administered and occupied by Soviet forces with the autonomy of the native communists following the Berlin Declaration abolishing German sovereignty in World War II; when the Potsdam Agreement established the Soviet-occupied zone, bounded on the east by the Oder–Neisse line. It was a satellite state of the Soviet Union. The GDR was dominated by the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), a communist party, from 1949 to 1989, before being democratized and liberalized under the impact of the Revolutions of 1989 against the communist states, helping East Germany be united with the West. Unlike West Germany, the SED did not see its state as the successor of the German Reich (1871–1945) and abolished the goal of unification in the constitution (1974). The SED-ruled GDR was often described as a Soviet satellite state; historians described it as an authoritarian regime.
Geographically, the GDR bordered the Baltic Sea to the north, Poland to the east, Czechoslovakia to the southeast and West Germany to the southwest and west. Internally, the GDR also bordered the Soviet sector of Allied-occupied Berlin, known as East Berlin, which was also administered as the country's de facto capital. It also bordered the three sectors occupied by the United States, United Kingdom, and France known collectively as West Berlin (de facto part of the FRG). Emigration to the West was a significant problem as many of the emigrants were well-educated young people; such emigration weakened the state economically. In response, the GDR government fortified its inner German border and later built the Berlin Wall in 1961. Many people attempting to flee were killed by border guards or booby traps such as landmines.
In 1989, numerous social, economic and political forces in the GDR and abroad, one of the most notable being peaceful protests starting in the city of Leipzig, led to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the establishment of a government committed to liberalization. The following year, a free and fair election was held in the country and international negotiations between four occupation Allied countries and two German countries led to the signing of the Final Settlement treaty to replace the Potsdam Agreement on the status and border of future-reunited Germany. The GDR ceased to exist when its five states ("Länder") joined the Federal Republic of Germany under Article 23 of the Basic Law and its East Berlin was also united with West Berlin into a single city of the FRG, on 3 October 1990. Several of the GDR's leaders, notably its last communist leader Egon Krenz, were later prosecuted for offenses committed during the GDR's times.