Founders of statistics

Statistics is the theory and application of mathematics to the scientific method including hypothesis generation, experimental design, sampling, data collection, data summarization, estimation, prediction and inference from those results to the population from which the experimental sample was drawn. Statisticians are skilled people who thus apply statistical methods. Hundreds of statisticians are notable. This article lists statisticians who have been especially instrumental in the development of theoretical and applied statistics.

Name	Nationality	Birth	Death	Contribution
Al-Kindi	Abbasid Caliphate	801	873	Developed the first code breaking algorithm based on frequency analysis. He wrote a book entitled "Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages", containing detailed discussions on statistics
Graunt, John	English	1620	1674	Pioneer of demography who produced the first life table
Bayes, Thomas	English	1702	1761	Developed the interpretation of probability now known as Bayesian probability
Laplace, Pierre-Simon	French	1749	1827	Co-invented Bayesian statistics. Invented exponential families (Laplace transform), conjugate prior distributions, asymptotic analysis of estimators (including negligibility of regular priors). Used maximum-likelihood and posterior-mode estimation and considered (robust) loss functions
Playfair, William	Scottish	1759	1823	Pioneer of statistical graphics
Carl Friedrich Gauss	German	1777	1855	Invented least squares estimation methods (with Legendre). Used loss functions and maximum-likelihood estimation
Quetelet, Adolphe	Belgian	1796	1874	Pioneered the use of probability and statistics in the social sciences
Nightingale, Florence	English	1820	1910	Applied statistical analysis to health problems, contributing to the establishment of epidemiology and public health practice. Developed statistical graphics especially for mobilizing public opinion. First female member of the Royal Statistical Society.
Galton, Francis	English	1822	1911	Invented the concepts of standard deviation, correlation, regression
Thiele, Thorvald N.	Danish	1838	1910	Introduced cumulants and the term "likelihood". Introduced a Kalman filter in time-series
Peirce, Charles Sanders	American	1839	1914	Formulated modern statistics in "Illustrations of the Logic of Science" (1877–1878) and "A Theory of Probable Inference" (1883). With a repeated measures design, introduced blinded, controlled randomized experiments (before Fisher). Invented optimal design for experiments on gravity, in which he "corrected the means". He used correlation, smoothing, and improved the treatment of outliers. Introduced terms "confidence" and "likelihood" (before Neyman and Fisher). While largely a frequentist, Peirce's possible world semantics introduced the "propensity" theory of probability. See the historical books of Stephen Stigler
Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro	Irish	1845	1926	Revived exponential families (Laplace transforms) in statistics. Extended Laplace's (asymptotic) theory of maximum-likelihood estimation. Introduced basic results on information, which were extended and popularized by R. A. Fisher
Pearson, Karl	English	1857	1936	Numerous innovations, including the development of the Pearson chi-squared test and the Pearson correlation. Founded the Biometrical Society and Biometrika, the first journal of mathematical statistics and biometry
Spearman, Charles	English	1863	1945	Extended the Pearson correlation coefficient to the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
Gosset, William Sealy (known as "Student")	English	1876	1937	Discovered the Student t distribution and invented the Student's t-test
Anderson, Oskar Johann Viktor (also known as Anderson, Oskar Nikolaevich)	Russian, Bulgarian, German	1887	1960	A leading representative of the so-called Continental School of statistics. Invented the variate difference method for analyzing time series at the same time but independently from Gosset. A pioneer of random sampling in demographics and of quantitative methods applied to socio-economic sciences.
Fisher, Ronald	English	1890	1962	Wrote the textbooks and articles that defined the academic discipline of statistics, inspiring the creation of statistics departments at universities throughout the world. Systematized previous results with informative terminology, substantially improving previous results with mathematical analysis (and claims). Developed the analysis of variance, clarified the method of maximum likelihood (without the uniform priors appearing in some previous versions), invented the concept of sufficient statistics, developed Edgeworth's use of exponential families and information, introducing observed Fisher information, and many theoretical concepts and practical methods, particularly for the design of experiments
Bonferroni, Carlo Emilio	Italian	1892	1960	Invented the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons
Wilcoxon, Frank	Irish-American	1892	1965	Invented two statistical tests: Wilcoxon rank-sum test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Neyman, Jerzy	Polish-American	1894	1981	Discovered the confidence interval and co-developed the Neyman–Pearson lemma
Deming, W. Edwards	American	1900	1993	Developed methods for statistical quality control
Pearson, Egon	English	1895	1980	Co-developed the Neyman–Pearson lemma of statistical hypothesis testing
de Finetti, Bruno	Italian	1906	1985	Pioneer of the "operational subjective" conception of probability. Used this as the basis for exposition of the Bayesian method of statistical analysis. Developed the representation theorem for exchangeable random variables showing that they are the basis of the IID model in statistics.
Kendall, Maurice	English	1907	1983	Co-developed methods for assessing statistical randomness; invented Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient
Tukey, John	American	1915	2000	Jointly popularized Fast Fourier transformation, pioneer of exploratory data analysis and graphical presentation of data, developed the jackknife for variance estimation, invented the box plot.
Blackwell, David	American	1919	2010	Co-developed Rao-Blackwell theorem and wrote one of the first Bayesian textbooks, Basic Statistics.
Rao, Calyampudi Radhakrishna	Indian	1920		Co-developed Cramér–Rao bound and Rao–Blackwell theorem, invented MINQUE method of variance component estimation.
Cox, David	English	1924	2022	Developed the proportional hazards model for the analysis of survival data
Efron, Bradley	American	1938		Invented the bootstrap resampling technique for deriving an empirical distribution of an estimate of a model parameter

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