Formic acid
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| Names | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Preferred IUPAC name
Formic acid | |||
| Systematic IUPAC name
Methanoic acid | |||
| Other names
Isocarbonous acid Carbonous acid Formylic acid Methylic acid Hydrogencarboxylic acid Hydroxy(oxo)methane Metacarbonoic acid Oxocarbinic acid Oxomethanol Hydroxymethylene oxide | |||
| Identifiers | |||
3D model (JSmol) |
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| 1209246 | |||
| ChEBI | |||
| ChEMBL | |||
| ChemSpider | |||
| DrugBank | |||
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.527 | ||
| EC Number |
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| E number | E236 (preservatives) | ||
| 1008 | |||
| KEGG | |||
PubChem CID |
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| RTECS number |
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| UNII | |||
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |
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| Properties | |||
| CH2O2 | |||
| Molar mass | 46.025 g·mol−1 | ||
| Appearance | Colorless fuming liquid | ||
| Odor | Pungent, penetrating | ||
| Density | 1.220 g/mL | ||
| Melting point | 8.4 °C (47.1 °F; 281.5 K) | ||
| Boiling point | 100.8 °C (213.4 °F; 373.9 K) | ||
| Miscible | |||
| Solubility | Miscible with ether, acetone, ethyl acetate, glycerol, methanol, ethanol Partially soluble in benzene, toluene, xylenes | ||
| log P | −0.54 | ||
| Vapor pressure | 35 mmHg (20 °C) | ||
| Acidity (pKa) | 3.745 | ||
| Conjugate base | Formate | ||
| −19.90×10−6 cm3/mol | |||
Refractive index (nD) |
1.3714 (20 °C) | ||
| Viscosity | 1.57 cP at 268 °C | ||
| Structure | |||
| Planar | |||
| 1.41 D (gas) | |||
| Thermochemistry | |||
Std molar entropy (S⦵298) |
131.8 J/mol K | ||
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) |
−425.0 kJ/mol | ||
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) |
−254.6 kJ/mol | ||
| Pharmacology | |||
| QP53AG01 (WHO) | |||
| Hazards | |||
| Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |||
Main hazards |
Corrosive; irritant; sensitizer | ||
| GHS labelling: | |||
| Danger | |||
| H314 | |||
| P260, P264, P280, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P363, P405, P501 | |||
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |||
| Flash point | 69 °C (156 °F; 342 K) | ||
| 601 °C (1,114 °F; 874 K) | |||
| Explosive limits | 14–34% 18–57% (90% solution) | ||
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |||
LD50 (median dose) |
700 mg/kg (mouse, oral), 1100 mg/kg (rat, oral), 4000 mg/kg (dog, oral) | ||
LC50 (median concentration) |
7853 ppm (rat, 15 min) 3246 ppm (mouse, 15 min) | ||
| NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |||
PEL (Permissible) |
TWA 5 ppm (9 mg/m3) | ||
REL (Recommended) |
TWA 5 ppm (9 mg/m3) | ||
IDLH (Immediate danger) |
30 ppm | ||
| Safety data sheet (SDS) | MSDS from JT Baker | ||
| Related compounds | |||
Related carboxylic acids |
Acetic acid Propionic acid | ||
Related compounds |
Formaldehyde Methanol | ||
| Supplementary data page | |||
| Formic acid (data page) | |||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references | |||
Formic acid (from Latin formica 'ant'), systematically named methanoic acid, is the simplest carboxylic acid, and has the chemical formula HCOOH and structure H−C(=O)−O−H. It is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most notably in some ants. Esters, salts and the anion derived from formic acid are called formates. Industrially, formic acid is produced from methanol.
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