Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias

Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias (pronounced [kaˈʃi.ɐs]; 25 August 1803 – 7 May 1880), nicknamed "the Peacemaker" and "the Iron Duke", was an army officer, politician and monarchist of the Empire of Brazil. Like his father and uncles, Caxias pursued a military career. In 1823 he fought as a young officer in the Brazilian War for Independence against Portugal, then spent three years in Brazil's southernmost province, Cisplatina, as the government unsuccessfully resisted that province's secession in the Cisplatine War. Though his own father and uncles renounced Emperor Dom Pedro I during the protests of 1831, Caxias remained loyal. Pedro I abdicated in favor of his young son Dom Pedro II, whom Caxias instructed in swordsmanship and horsemanship and eventually befriended.

The Duke of Caxias
Caxias in 1878
Prime Minister of Brazil
In office
25 June 1875  5 January 1878
MonarchPedro II
Preceded byViscount of Rio Branco
Succeeded byViscount of Sinimbu
In office
2 March 1861  24 May 1862
MonarchPedro II
Preceded byBaron of Uruguaiana
Succeeded byZacarias de Góis
In office
3 September 1856  3 May 1857
MonarchPedro II
Preceded byMarquis of Paraná
Succeeded byMarquis of Olinda
President of the Rio Grande do Sul Province
In office
30 June 1851  4 September 1851
Preceded byPedro Ferreira de Oliveira
Succeeded byPatrício José Correia da Câmara
In office
9 November 1842  11 March 1846
Preceded bySaturnino de Sousa e Oliveira Coutinho
Succeeded byPatrício José Correia da Câmara
President of the Maranhão Province
In office
17 February 1840  13 May 1841
Preceded byManuel Felizardo de Sousa e Melo
Succeeded byJoão Antônio de Miranda
Personal details
Born
Luís Alves de Lima e Silva

(1803-08-25)25 August 1803
São Paulo Farm, (now Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro), State of Brazil, Portuguese America
Died7 May 1880(1880-05-07) (aged 76)
Santa Mônica Farm, (now Valença, Rio de Janeiro), Empire of Brazil
Political partyConservative (from 1843)
OccupationPolitician
AwardsSee list
Signature
Nicknames
  • The Peacemaker
  • Iron Duke
Military service
Allegiance Empire of Brazil
Branch/serviceImperial Brazilian Army
Years of service1821–1880
RankField Marshal
Battles/wars

Coat of Arms of the Duke of Caxias

During Pedro II's minority the governing regency faced countless rebellions throughout the country. Again breaking with his father and other relatives sympathetic to the rebels, from 1839 to 1845 Caxias commanded loyalist forces suppressing such uprisings as the Balaiada, the Liberal rebellions of 1842 and the Ragamuffin War. In 1851, under his command, the Brazilian army prevailed against the Argentine Confederation in the Platine War; a decade later Caxias, as army marshal (the army's highest rank), led Brazilian forces to victory in the Paraguayan War. As a reward he was raised to the titled nobility, becoming successively a baron, count, and marquis, finally becoming the only person created duke during Pedro II's 58-year reign.

In the early 1840s Caxias became a member of the Reactionary Party, which evolved into the Party of Order and finally the Conservative Party. He was elected senator in 1846. The Emperor appointed him president of the Council of Ministers (prime minister) in 1856; he briefly held that office again in 1861, but fell when his party lost its parliamentary majority. Over the decades Caxias witnessed the growth and zenith of his party, then its slow decline as internal conflict divided it. In 1875, he headed a cabinet for the last time, and after years of failing health he died in May 1880.

In the years after his death and mainly following the downfall of the Brazilian monarchy, Caxias's reputation was initially overshadowed by that of Manuel Luís Osório, Marquis of Erval, but with time surpassed even Erval's renown. In 1925 his birthday was established as the Day of the Soldier, a day of honor for the Brazilian army. On 13 March 1962 he was officially designated the army's protectorits soldierly ideal and the most important figure in its tradition. Historians have regarded Caxias positively, several ranking him as the greatest of Brazil's military officers.

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