Demographics of Russia
According to current reports from Rosstat, the population of Russia as of January 1, 2023 was approximately 146,400,000 people. On December 10, 2023 was approximately 146,115,376 people. Russia, the largest country in the world by area, had a population of 147.2 million according to the 2021 census, or 144.7 million when excluding Crimea and Sevastopol, up from 142.8 million in the 2010 census. It is the most populous country in Europe, and the ninth-most populous country in the world, with a population density of 8.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (22 inhabitants/sq mi). As of 2020, the overall life expectancy in Russia at birth was 71.54 years (66.49 years for males and 76.43 years for females).
| Demographics of Russia | |
|---|---|
Population pyramid of Russia as of 1 January 2023 | |
| Population | 147,182,123 (2021 census) 144,699,673 (excluding Crimea) 146,115,376 (December, 2023) |
| Growth rate | 0.39 (2020) |
| Birth rate | 9.0 births/1,000 population (2022) |
| Death rate | 13.1 deaths/1,000 population (2022) |
| Life expectancy | 70.06 years (2021) |
| • male | 65.51 years (2021) |
| • female | 74.51 years (2021) |
| Fertility rate | 1.42 (2022) |
| Infant mortality rate | 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2020) |
| Net migration rate | 0.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020) |
| Age structure | |
| Under 18 years | ~23.21% |
| 18–44 years | ~34.73% |
| 45–64 years | 26.55% |
| 65 and over | 15.6% |
| Sex ratio | |
| Total | 0.86 male(s)/female (2009) |
| At birth | 1.06 male(s)/female |
| Under 15 | 1.06 male(s)/female (male 11,980,138/female 11,344,818) |
| 15–64 years | 0.925 male(s)/female (male 48,166,470/female 52,088,967) |
| 65 and over | 0.44 male(s)/female (male 5,783,983/female 13,105,896) |
| Nationality | |
| Nationality | noun: Russian(s) adjective: Russian |
| Major ethnic | Russians |
| Language | |
| Spoken | Russian, others |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 9,000,000 | — |
| 1000 | 9,000,000 | +0.00% |
| 1200 | 14,500,000 | +0.24% |
| 1500 | 14,700,000 | +0.00% |
| 1600 | 18,000,000 | +0.20% |
| 1700 | 18,000,000 | +0.00% |
| 1800 | 25,000,000 | +0.33% |
| 1900 | 73,000,000 | +1.08% |
| 1926 | 93,000,000 | +0.94% |
| 1930 | 100,000,000 | +1.83% |
| 1960 | 119,000,000 | +0.58% |
| 1970 | 130,079,000 | +0.89% |
| 1979 | 137,552,000 | +0.62% |
| 1989 | 147,386,000 | +0.69% |
| 2000 | 146,597,000 | −0.05% |
| 2010 | 142,849,000 | −0.26% |
| 2021 | 144,700,000 | +0.12% |
| Source: | ||
From 1992 to 2012, and again since 2016, Russia's death rate has exceeded its birth rate, which has been called a demographic crisis by analysts. Subsequently, the nation has an ageing population, with the median age of the country being 40.3 years. In 2009, Russia recorded annual population growth for the first time in fifteen years; during the mid-2010s, Russia had seen increased population growth due to declining death rates, increased birth rates and increased immigration. However, since 2020, due to excess deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia's population has undergone its largest peacetime decline in recorded history. In 2022, the total fertility rate across Russia was estimated to be 1.42 children born per woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1 and about equal to the European average.
Russia is a multinational state, home to over 193 ethnic groups nationwide. In the 2021 Census, roughly 81% of the population were ethnic Russians, 19% of the population were ethnic minorities. According to the United Nations, Russia's immigrant population is the world's third largest, numbering over 11.6 million; most of whom are from other post-Soviet states.