Convex combination

In convex geometry and vector algebra, a convex combination is a linear combination of points (which can be vectors, scalars, or more generally points in an affine space) where all coefficients are non-negative and sum to 1. In other words, the operation is equivalent to a standard weighted average, but whose weights are expressed as a percent of the total weight, instead of as a fraction of the count of the weights as in a standard weighted average.

More formally, given a finite number of points ${\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n}}$ in a real vector space, a convex combination of these points is a point of the form

${\displaystyle \alpha _{1}x_{1}+\alpha _{2}x_{2}+\cdots +\alpha _{n}x_{n}}$

where the real numbers ${\displaystyle \alpha _{i}}$ satisfy ${\displaystyle \alpha _{i}\geq 0}$ and ${\displaystyle \alpha _{1}+\alpha _{2}+\cdots +\alpha _{n}=1.}$

As a particular example, every convex combination of two points lies on the line segment between the points.

A set is convex if it contains all convex combinations of its points. The convex hull of a given set of points is identical to the set of all their convex combinations.

There exist subsets of a vector space that are not closed under linear combinations but are closed under convex combinations. For example, the interval ${\displaystyle [0,1]}$ is convex but generates the real-number line under linear combinations. Another example is the convex set of probability distributions, as linear combinations preserve neither nonnegativity nor affinity (i.e., having total integral one).