Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

ACE2
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	3SCL, 1R42, 1R4L, 2AJF, 3D0G, 3D0H, 3D0I, 3KBH, 3SCI, 3SCJ, 3SCK
Identifiers
Aliases	ACE2, ACEH, angiotensin I converting enzyme 2, ACE 2
External IDs	OMIM: 300335 MGI: 1917258 HomoloGene: 41448 GeneCards: ACE2
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	X chromosome (human)
End	15,602,148 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	X chromosome (mouse)
End	162,971,416 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	gallbladder; ; jejunal mucosa; ; duodenum; ; left ventricle; ; kidney; ; pancreatic ductal cell; ; rectum; ; renal cortex; ; islet of Langerhans; ; right lobe of thyroid gland;
	Top expressed in
	ileum; ; duodenum; ; jejunum; ; intestinal villus; ; Paneth cell; ; esophagus; ; skin of abdomen; ; renal corpuscle; ; hair follicle; ; kidney;
	More reference expression data
	; ;
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	peptidyl-dipeptidase activity; virus receptor activity; zinc ion binding; endopeptidase activity; metal ion binding; peptidase activity; protein binding; carboxypeptidase activity; hydrolase activity; metallopeptidase activity; metallocarboxypeptidase activity; exopeptidase activity;
Cellular component	cytoplasm; integral component of membrane; membrane; plasma membrane; extracellular region; cell surface; membrane raft; extracellular exosome; extracellular space; brush border membrane;
Biological process	regulation of cardiac conduction; angiotensin-mediated drinking behavior; proteolysis; regulation of cytokine production; positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process; regulation of vasoconstriction; regulation of cell population proliferation; positive regulation of cardiac muscle contraction; regulation of inflammatory response; positive regulation of gap junction assembly; viral entry into host cell; viral process; regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by renin-angiotensin; tryptophan transport; blood vessel diameter maintenance; angiotensin maturation; receptor-mediated virion attachment to host cell; positive regulation of amino acid transport;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	59272
	70008
	ENSG00000130234
	ENSMUSG00000015405
	Q9BYF1
	Q8R0I0
	NM_021804; NM_001371415
	NM_001130513; NM_027286
	NP_068576; NP_001358344
	NP_001123985; NP_081562
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an enzyme that can be found either attached to the membrane of cells (mACE2) in the intestines, kidney, testis, gallbladder, and heart or in a soluble form (sACE2). Both membrane bound and soluble ACE2 are integral parts of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) that exists to keep the body's blood pressure in check. mACE2 is cleaved by the enzyme ADAM17 that releases its extracellular domain, creating soluble ACE2 (sACE2). ACE2 enzyme activity opposes the classical arm of the RAAS by lowering blood pressure through catalyzing the hydrolysis of angiotensin II (a vasoconstrictor peptide which raises blood pressure) into angiotensin (1–7) (a vasodilator). Angiotensin (1-7) in turns binds to MasR receptors creating localized vasodilation and hence decreasing blood pressure. This decrease in blood pressure makes the entire process a promising drug target for treating cardiovascular diseases.

mACE2 also serves as the entry point into cells for some coronaviruses, including HCoV-NL63, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein itself is known to damage the endothelium via downregulation of ACE2. The human version of the enzyme can be referred to as hACE2.

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