Angioedema
Angioedema is an area of swelling (edema) of the lower layer of skin and tissue just under the skin or mucous membranes. The swelling may occur in the face, tongue, larynx, abdomen, or arms and legs. Often it is associated with hives, which are swelling within the upper skin. Onset is typically over minutes to hours.
| Angioedema | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Angiooedema, Quincke's edema, angioneurotic edema |
| Allergic angioedema: this child is unable to open his eyes due to the swelling. | |
| Specialty | Allergy and immunology, emergency medicine |
| Symptoms | Area of swelling |
| Usual onset | Minutes to hours |
| Types | Histamine mediated, bradykinin mediated |
| Risk factors | Family history |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms |
| Differential diagnosis | Anaphylaxis, abscess, contact dermatitis |
| Treatment | Intubation, cricothyroidotomy |
| Medication | Histamine: antihistamines, corticosteroids, epinephrine Bradykinin: C1 esterase inhibitor, ecallantide, icatibant, fresh frozen plasma |
| Frequency | ~100,000 per year (US) |
The underlying mechanism typically involves histamine or bradykinin. The version related to histamine is due to an allergic reaction to agents such as insect bites, foods, or medications. The version related to bradykinin may occur due to an inherited problem known as C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, medications known as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or a lymphoproliferative disorder.
Treatment to protect the airway may include intubation or cricothyroidotomy. Histamine-related angioedema can be treated with antihistamines, corticosteroids, and epinephrine. In those with bradykinin-related disease a C1 esterase inhibitor, ecallantide, or icatibant may be used. Fresh frozen plasma may be used instead. In the United States the disease affects about 100,000 people a year.