Iran–Israel proxy conflict

Iran–Israel proxy conflict
	; Israel (orange) and Iran (green) shown within the Middle East
Date	16 February 1985 – ongoing; (38 years, 11 months, 4 weeks and 2 days)
Location	Worldwide
Status	Ongoing: Iran reinforces Syria and Hezbollah; Israel tries to prevent weapon transfers to Hezbollah; 2006 Lebanon War ends in military stalemate; Beginning of the ongoing Gaza–Israel conflict in June 2006; Israel tries to stop Iranian nuclear program; Iran grows major spheres of influence in the Middle East; Formation of the Arab–Israeli alliance; Iran provides munitions to Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) in Gaza Strip;
Belligerents
Iran Proxies: Hezbollah ; Hamas (2006–2011; 2017–present) ; Muslim Brotherhood ; Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) (2013–present) ; Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) ; Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (PIJ) ; Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command (PFLP–GC) (2013–present) ; Sabireen Movement ; Supporting Iranian Proxies: Houthis ; PMF ; NDF ; Baqir Brigade ; Liwa Fatemiyoun ; Husseiniyoun ; Liwa Zainebiyoun ; ; Al-Ashtar Brigades ; Al-Mukhtar Brigades ; Supported by: Syria; Lebanon; Sudan (until 2015); North Korea; Venezuela; Iraq (disputed); Armenia (until 2018); Artsakh (until 2023); Russia;	Israel Proxies: MEK ; NCRI ; KDPI ; ASMLA ; AANES ; Fursan al-Joulan (2013-19) ; Jundallah ; Supported by: United States; Canada; United Kingdom; United Arab Emirates; Palestinian National Authority (sometimes); Russia (sometimes); Azerbaijan; Bahrain (from 2020); Egypt; Iraq (disputed) ; Australia; New Zealand;
Commanders and leaders
Ali Khamenei; (Supreme Leader of Iran); Ebrahim Raisi; (President of Iran); Hassan Rouhani; (2013–2021); Mahmoud Ahmadinejad; (2005–2013); Hassan Nasrallah; (Secretary-General of Hezbollah); Ismail Haniyeh; (Hamas leader); Khaled Meshaal; (Hamas leader; 2006–2011); Ahmad Sa'adat; (PFLP Leader); Ziyad al-Nakhalah; (PIJ Leader)	Benjamin Netanyahu (Prime Minister of Israel, 2009–2021; 2022–present); Ariel Sharon (2005–2006); Ehud Olmert (2006–2009); Naftali Bennett (2021–2022); Yair Lapid (2022); Maryam Rajavi; (MEK and NCRI leader); Mustafa Hijri; (KDPI leader); Muhammad Dhahir Baluch ; (Jondalla leader)

The Iran–Israel proxy conflict, also known as the Iran–Israel proxy war or Iran–Israel Cold War, is an ongoing proxy conflict between Iran and Israel. In the Israeli–Lebanese conflict, Iran has supported Lebanese Shia militias, most notably Hezbollah. In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Iran has backed Palestinian groups such as Hamas. Israel has supported Iranian rebels, such as the People's Mujahedin of Iran, conducted airstrikes against Iranian allies in Syria and assassinated Iranian nuclear scientists. In 2018 Israeli forces directly attacked Iranian forces in Syria.

Motivated by the periphery doctrine, Imperial Iran and Israel had close relations, seeing Arab powers as a common threat. After the 1979 Islamic revolution, Iran cut off relations, but covert ties continued during the subsequent Iran–Iraq War. Iran trained and armed Hezbollah during Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon, and continued to back Shia militias throughout the Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon. Even before 1979, Iranian Islamists had materially supported the Palestinians; after 1979 Iran attempted relations with the Palestine Liberation Organization, and later with Palestinian Islamic Jihad and Hamas. Israel fought a war with Hezbollah in 2006. Israel has fought several wars with Palestinians in and around the Gaza Strip: in 2008-2009, 2012, 2014, 2021 and 2023-2024. The 1982 Lebanon War and Israel–Hamas war have been the deadliest wars of the Arab–Israeli conflict.

Various reasons have been given for the Iran-Israel conflict. Iran and Israel had previously enjoyed warm ties due to common threats, but by 1990s the USSR had dissolved and Iraq had been weakened. Iranian Islamists have long championed the Palestinian people, whom they perceive as "oppressed". Scholars believe that by supporting the Palestinians, Iran seeks greater acceptance among Sunnis and Arabs, both of whom dominate the Middle East. Ideologically, Iran seeks to replace Israel with a one-state solution and has predicted Israel's demise. Israel sees Iran as an existential threat, and accuses its regime of harboring genocidal intentions. Consequently, Israel has sought sanctions and military action against Iran to stop it from acquiring nuclear weapons.

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