Update:
As per the method UseAdaptiveSampling
definition:

So you can use it as below:
builder.UseAdaptiveSampling(maxTelemetryItemsPerSecond: 250, includedTypes: "Dependency", excludedTypes: "Event;Exception;PageView;Request;Trace");
Original answer:
Please take a look at Configure sampling settings -> Important section as below:
If you use this method to configure sampling, please make sure to set the aiOptions.EnableAdaptiveSampling property to false when calling AddApplicationInsightsTelemetry().
So change your code like below:
//other code
builder.UseAdaptiveSampling(maxTelemetryItemsPerSecond:250, includedTypes: "Dependency");
//add the following code
var aiOptions = new Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.AspNetCore.Extensions.ApplicationInsightsServiceOptions();
aiOptions.EnableAdaptiveSampling = false;
services.AddApplicationInsightsTelemetry(aiOptions);
//other code