I don't think there is any such database within Talend, but you can look in the directory
<workspace>/<projectName>/process
and there will be an XML file for each job called <jobname>_<version>.item
which contains all the settings for the job and each of the components.
A simple text search will find what you are looking for if you are looking for components configured with an "INSERT INTO" statement. You could use XSL or XQUERY with these files if you want to be a bit more sophisticated.
However, if you are looking for components that have an "INSERT INTO" command as a result of the code generation, then you probably need to search the generated code, which will be a bit more complicated, especially since you would have to see what sort of code each individual component compiled.
In 7.0.1 the generated code is found in
<workspace>/<projectName>/poms/jobs/process/<jobname>_<version>/src/main/java/<projectNameInLowerCase>