I wanted to add it as a comment, but I do not have reputation to do that.
So, my hypothesis is you can do that with Logic apps, you have to deploy the API in on-premises server and the exe application in same server. Then with "process" you can invoke that console application with API and that API you can call it from Azure Logic Apps
But I have not tried it. Please correct me if I am wrong somewhere.
(Update 06/26/2023) What I did was, hosted an API in IIS server and from API I called console application, which was suppose to change AD data, and it worked fine.
I have to host the api in order to test it from Logic apps, but it will work fine.