The hierarchy governing the inheritance of font style is knowledge that belongs to the ill-documented black arts of PowerPoint. I don't know of a place where it's clearly described.
If I needed to learn it, I would start with a Google search on "powerpoint style hierarchy" to gather candidate participants and then settle in for a long period of experimentation.
The candidates I can think of are, roughly in order of precedence:
- formatting directly applied at the run level
- default run formatting applied at the paragraph level (this doesn't always take effect)
- formatting inherited from a placeholder, if the shape was originally a placeholder.
- A theme related to the slide, its slide layout, or its slide master.
- A table style
- Presentation-default formatting.
I would devote a generous period to getting anything I could from Google, form a set of hypotheses, then set up experiments to prove or disprove those hypotheses.
Note the challenge is made more complex by the conditions involved, such as "is in a table" and "is a placeholder", etc.