So, here's the situation. I have direct access to two devices, and can take as many pictures as I want with each. Both devices are the same make and model, and do not save any metadata that would distinguish one from the other. This means that they do not leave any specific identifiers in the metadata. I also have a picture that I know came from one of them, but I don't know which. Let's call this photo "photoX". Both devices are the iPhone SE.
So here is the question: is there anything I can do with the two cameras and the pictures I can take with them to figure out which one photoX was taken from?
(Apparently I have to stress this, but metadata searching will not be able to work. I am aware of this.)