You can use Google Place Search Web API to get a list of businesses/points of interest around your GPS location. This data contains latitude, longitude, name and a lot more.
You should run a service or async task in the background to fetch data on places around the user when the app is launched. If the user is moving, then you can either use Location Manager to get updated coordinates when the user moves a certain distance and then call the web service again or keep polling for the users GPS locations and when you notice a significant change, get a new set of places.
Then you just have to plot this information in your camera's field of view. For this you can look at the Augmented Reality Tutorial I created. Look at the "Having something to draw" section onwards.
The Place Search API is free for certain amounts of usage. As per Google's terms and conditions, you can't store any of this data on the device or your own personal database.