That's not a problem with PHP, rather with JavaScript (AJAX). It's because you're trying to load contents from a server that doesn't use SSL from a web page served via SSL.
Simply enable SSL also on the Node app and it will work.
Edit
I do not recommend creating a proxy server in Node.js.
It's actually a good idea to create a proxy server in front of every Node.js app. Indeed, for safety reasons most websites built with Node.js have a Nginx reverse-proxy in front. That is: users connect to Nginx (chosen over Apache for the much better performances) and Nginx makes a request to the Node.js app.
With this setup, you would actually not need to enable SSL in Node.js, as long as Nginx has SSL enabled.
To use SSL directly in Node.js, you need to add just a couple of lines to your app.js file. See this SO question: How do I setup a SSL certs for an express.js server?
If the servers are on the same hostname (just a different port), then you won't need another SSL certificate; if the servers are on a different hostname (e.g. a subdomain) and your SSL certificate isn't a wildcard one, then you will need another certificate.
Speaking about the port... It's true that HTTPS by default runs on 443, but you're free to change it as you want. Just remember to specify it, for example: https://example.com:8443/