Large volumes of literature about data mining specify the existence (or absence) of "class labels" in databases; separate from tuples and attributes. What exactly are they referring to?
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The class label is usually the target variable in classification.
Which makes it special from other categorial attributes. In particular, on your actual data it won't exist - it only exist on your training and validation data sets.
Class labels often don't reliably exist for other data mining tasks. This is specific to classification.

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