Does Go's fmt.Printf support outputting a number with the thousands comma?
fmt.Printf("%d", 1000) outputs 1000, what format can I specify to output 1,000 instead?
The docs don't seem to mention commas, and I couldn't immediately see anything in the source.
Use golang.org/x/text/message to print using localized formatting for any language in the Unicode CLDR:
package main
import (
"golang.org/x/text/language"
"golang.org/x/text/message"
)
func main() {
p := message.NewPrinter(language.English)
p.Printf("%d\n", 1000)
// Output:
// 1,000
}
I wrote a library for this as well as a few other human-representation concerns.
Example results:
0 -> 0
100 -> 100
1000 -> 1,000
1000000000 -> 1,000,000,000
-100000 -> -100,000
Example Usage:
fmt.Printf("You owe $%s.\n", humanize.Comma(6582491))
None of the fmt print verbs support thousands separators.
Foreword: I released this utility with more customization in github.com/icza/gox, see fmtx.FormatInt().
The fmt package does not support grouping decimals.
We have to implement one ourselves (or use an existing one).
Here is a compact and really efficient solution (see explanation after):
Try it on the Go Playground.
func Format(n int64) string {
in := strconv.FormatInt(n, 10)
numOfDigits := len(in)
if n < 0 {
numOfDigits-- // First character is the - sign (not a digit)
}
numOfCommas := (numOfDigits - 1) / 3
out := make([]byte, len(in)+numOfCommas)
if n < 0 {
in, out[0] = in[1:], '-'
}
for i, j, k := len(in)-1, len(out)-1, 0; ; i, j = i-1, j-1 {
out[j] = in[i]
if i == 0 {
return string(out)
}
if k++; k == 3 {
j, k = j-1, 0
out[j] = ','
}
}
}
Testing it:
for _, v := range []int64{0, 1, 12, 123, 1234, 123456789} {
fmt.Printf("%10d = %12s\n", v, Format(v))
fmt.Printf("%10d = %12s\n", -v, Format(-v))
}
Output:
0 = 0
0 = 0
1 = 1
-1 = -1
12 = 12
-12 = -12
123 = 123
-123 = -123
1234 = 1,234
-1234 = -1,234
123456789 = 123,456,789
-123456789 = -123,456,789
Basically what the Format() function does is it formats the number without grouping, then creates a big enough other slice and copies the digits of the number inserting comma (',') grouping symbol when necessary (after groups of digits of 3 if there are more digits) meanwhile taking care of the negative sign to be preserved.
The length of the output:
It is basically the length of the input plus the number of grouping signs to be inserted. The number of grouping signs is:
numOfCommas = (numOfDigits - 1) / 3
Since the input string is a number which may only contain digits ('0..9') and optionally a negative sign ('-'), the characters are simply mapped to bytes in a 1-to-1 fashion in UTF-8 encoding (this is how Go stores strings in memory). So we can simply work with bytes instead of runes. So the number of digits is the input string length, optionally minus 1 if the number is negative:
numOfDigits := len(in)
if n < 0 {
numOfDigits-- // First character is the - sign (not a digit)
}
And therefore the number of grouping signs:
numOfCommas := (numOfDigits - 1) / 3
Therefore the output slice will be:
out := make([]byte, len(in)+numOfCommas)
Handling the negative sign character:
If the number is negative, we simply slice the input string to exclude it from processing and we manually copy the sign bit to the output:
if n < 0 {
in, out[0] = in[1:], '-'
}
And therefore the rest of the function does not need to know/care about the optional negative sign character.
The rest of the function is a for loop which just copies the bytes (digits) of the number from the input string to the output, inserting a grouping sign (',') after every group of 3 digits if there are more digits. The loop goes downward so it's easier to track the groups of 3 digits. Once done (no more digits), the output byte slice is returned as a string.
If you're less concerned with efficiency and more about readability, you might like this version:
func Format2(n int64) string {
if n < 0 {
return "-" + Format2(-n)
}
in := strconv.FormatInt(n, 10)
numOfCommas := (len(in) - 1) / 3
out := make([]byte, len(in)+numOfCommas)
for i, j, k := len(in)-1, len(out)-1, 0; ; i, j = i-1, j-1 {
out[j] = in[i]
if i == 0 {
return string(out)
}
if k++; k == 3 {
j, k = j-1, 0
out[j] = ','
}
}
}
Basically this handles negative numbers with a recursive call: if the number is negative, calls itself (recursive) with the absolute (positive) value and prepends the result with a "-" string.
append() slicesHere's another version using the builtin append() function and slice operations. Somewhat easier to understand but not so good performance-wise:
func Format3(n int64) string {
if n < 0 {
return "-" + Format3(-n)
}
in := []byte(strconv.FormatInt(n, 10))
var out []byte
if i := len(in) % 3; i != 0 {
if out, in = append(out, in[:i]...), in[i:]; len(in) > 0 {
out = append(out, ',')
}
}
for len(in) > 0 {
if out, in = append(out, in[:3]...), in[3:]; len(in) > 0 {
out = append(out, ',')
}
}
return string(out)
}
The first if statement takes care of the first optional, "incomplete" group which is less than 3 digits if exists, and the subsequent for loop handles the rest, copying 3 digits in each iteration and appending a comma (',') grouping sign if there are more digits.
I published a Go snippet over at Github of a function to render a number (float64 or int) according to user-specified thousand separator, decimal separator and decimal precision.
https://gist.github.com/gorhill/5285193
Usage: s := RenderFloat(format, n) The format parameter tells how to render the number n. Examples of format strings, given n = 12345.6789: "#,###.##" => "12,345.67" "#,###." => "12,345" "#,###" => "12345,678" "#\u202F###,##" => "12 345,67" "#.###,###### => 12.345,678900 "" (aka default format) => 12,345.67
Here is a function that takes an integer and grouping separator and returns a string delimited with the specified separator. I have tried to optimize for efficiency, no string concatenation or mod/division in the tight loop. From my profiling it is more than twice as fast as the humanize.Commas implementation (~680ns vs 1642ns) on my Mac. I am new to Go, would love to see faster implementations!
Usage: s := NumberToString(n int, sep rune)
Examples
Illustrates using different separator (',' vs ' '), verified with int value range.
s:= NumberToString(12345678, ',')
=> "12,345,678"
s:= NumberToString(12345678, ' ')
=> "12 345 678"
s: = NumberToString(-9223372036854775807, ',')
=> "-9,223,372,036,854,775,807"
Function Implementation
func NumberToString(n int, sep rune) string {
s := strconv.Itoa(n)
startOffset := 0
var buff bytes.Buffer
if n < 0 {
startOffset = 1
buff.WriteByte('-')
}
l := len(s)
commaIndex := 3 - ((l - startOffset) % 3)
if (commaIndex == 3) {
commaIndex = 0
}
for i := startOffset; i < l; i++ {
if (commaIndex == 3) {
buff.WriteRune(sep)
commaIndex = 0
}
commaIndex++
buff.WriteByte(s[i])
}
return buff.String()
}
Here's a simple function using regex:
import (
"regexp"
)
func formatCommas(num int) string {
str := fmt.Sprintf("%d", num)
re := regexp.MustCompile("(\\d+)(\\d{3})")
for n := ""; n != str; {
n = str
str = re.ReplaceAllString(str, "$1,$2")
}
return str
}
Example:
fmt.Println(formatCommas(1000))
fmt.Println(formatCommas(-1000000000))
Output:
1,000
-1,000,000,000
I got interested in the performance of solutions offered in earlier answers and wrote tests with benchmarks for them, including two code snippets of mine. The following results were measured on MacBook 2018, i7 2.6GHz:
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| Author | Description | Result |
|---------------------|-------------------------------------------|--------------|
| myself | dividing by 1,000 and appending groups | 3,472 ns/op |
| myself | inserting commas to digit groups | 2,662 ns/op |
| @icza | collecting digit by digit to output array | 1,695 ns/op |
| @dolmen | copying digit groups to output array | 1,797 ns/op |
| @Ivan Tung | writing digit by digit to buffer | 2,753 ns/op |
| @jchavannes | inserting commas using a regexp | 63,995 ns/op |
| @Steffi Keran Rani, | using github.com/dustin/go-humanize | 3,525 ns/op |
| @abourget, @Dustin | | |
| @dolmen | using golang.org/x/text/message | 12,511 ns/op |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
Other hand-coded solutions are fast too and you will not regret choosing any of them, except for the usage of regexp. Using regexp needs the shortest code snippet, but the performance is so tragic, that it is not worth it.
My contribution to this topic, which you can try running in the playground:
func formatInt(number int) string {
output := strconv.Itoa(number)
startOffset := 3
if number < 0 {
startOffset++
}
for outputIndex := len(output); outputIndex > startOffset; {
outputIndex -= 3
output = output[:outputIndex] + "," + output[outputIndex:]
}
return output
}
This is definitely not a leader of the benchmarks but who cares if code is clear and the performance is not critical?
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
func IntComma(i int) string {
if (i < 0) {
return "-" + IntComma(-i)
}
if (i < 1000) {
return fmt.Sprintf("%d",i)
}
return IntComma(i / 1000) + "," + fmt.Sprintf("%03d",i % 1000)
}
func main() {
fmt.Println(IntComma(1234567891234567))
}
And this is for the benchmarks: implementation is very similar to that of icza
func IntCommaB(num int) string {
str := strconv.Itoa(num)
l_str := len(str)
digits := l_str
if num < 0 {
digits--
}
commas := (digits + 2) / 3 - 1
l_buf := l_str + commas
var sbuf [32]byte // pre allocate buffer at stack rather than make([]byte,n)
buf := sbuf[0:l_buf]
// copy str from the end
for s_i, b_i, c3 := l_str-1, l_buf-1, 0; ; {
buf[b_i] = str[s_i]
if s_i == 0 {
return string(buf)
}
s_i--
b_i--
// insert comma every 3 chars
c3++
if c3 == 3 && (s_i > 0 || num>0) {
buf[b_i] = ','
b_i--
c3 = 0
}
}
}
With input -1234567890123456789 it is about 15% faster than icza's
Use https://github.com/dustin/go-humanize .. it has a bunch of helpers to deal with those things. In addition to bytes as MiB, MB, and other goodies.
The package humanize can do the magic! Refer the documentation of this package here. To use this package, install it first by using a tool like Git SCM. If you are using Git Bash, open the shell window and type:
go get -u github.com/dustin/go-humanize
Once this is done, you can use the following solution code (Say, main.go):
package main
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/dustin/go-humanize"
)
func main() {
fmt.Println(humanize.Commaf(float64(123456789)));
fmt.Println(humanize.Commaf(float64(-1000000000)));
fmt.Println(humanize.Commaf(float64(-100000.005)));
fmt.Println(humanize.Commaf(float64(100000.000)));
}
There are other variations to Commaf like BigComma, Comma, BigCommaf etc. which depends on the data type of your input.
So, on running this program using the command:
go run main.go
You will see an output such as this:
123,456,789
-1,000,000,000
-100,000.005
100,000
You can also use this small package: https://github.com/floscodes/golang-thousands.
Just convert your number to a string an then use the Separate-function like this:
n:="3478686" // your number as a string
thousands.Separate(n, "en") // adds thousands separators. the second argument sets the language mode.
If you don't want to use a library (for whatever reason), I knocked this up. It seems to work and can use any specified rune as a delimiter:
import (
"strconv"
)
func delimitNumeral(i int, delim rune) string {
src := strconv.Itoa(i)
strLen := utf8.RuneCountInString(src)
outStr := ""
digitCount := 0
for i := strLen - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
outStr = src[i:i+1] + outStr
if digitCount == 2 {
outStr = string(delim) + outStr
digitCount = 0
} else {
digitCount++
}
}
return outStr
}
Note: after further testing, this function doesn't work perfectly. I would suggest using the solution posted by @IvanTung, and welcome any edits from anyone who can get mine to work perfectly.
import ("fmt"; "strings")
func commas(s string) string {
if len(s) <= 3 {
return s
} else {
return commas(s[0:len(s)-3]) + "," + s[len(s)-3:]
}
}
func toString(f float64) string {
parts := strings.Split(fmt.Sprintf("%.2f", f), ".")
if parts[0][0] == '-' {
return "-" + commas(parts[0][1:]) + "." + parts[1]
}
return commas(parts[0]) + "." + parts[1]
}
