Blood type
Blood type is a scheme that separates people into phenotypic groups based on characteristics of their blood. Despite most attention placed on two type systems (ABO and Rh), there are currently 35 systems recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion.[1] Still, most people's blood type is described as the combination of ABO and Rh classification.
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ABO
In the ABO system, the most common types are differentiated by the presence of antigens on the surface of the red blood cells. The relevant antigens can be Type A, Type B, both, or neither corresponding to blood types A, B, AB, and O, respectively. In general, these antigens signal which type of blood the immune system will not respond to. Thus, people with Type AB blood will respond immunologically to no blood types and can generally receive donations of all types of blood. On the other hand type O blood has no such antigens, doesn't generate an immune response from anyone, and can often be donated to any recipient.[2] (Compare this with your average Hollywood movie blood transfusion, in which a recipient with type AB blood has to receive type AB blood.)
Rh
The commonly known part of the Rh system is slightly simpler in that people are classified based on the presence or absence of Rh factor on their red blood cell surfaces. It is this presence/absence that forms the "positive"/"negative" words added on the people's ABO classification. In actuality, the Rh system further classifies people based on five different antigens resulting in 50 possible Rh-type blood groups. Rh factor refers to only one of those antigens.
Risk of disease
Blood types are known to affect people's risk of being affected by many different diseases.[3] The reason for these disease risk associations is not always well understood and is complicated by both blood group subtypes and differences between phenotype and genotype.[3] A summary of increased disease risk from blood types and specific blood antigens was reported by D. Rose Ewald & Susan C. J. Sumner:[3]
| Disease | Blood Group/Antigens |
|---|---|
| Sickle cell anemia | Adhesion molecules |
| Hemolytic disease of the newborn | RhD |
| Chronic and autoimmune hemolytic anemias | Rh, RhAG |
| Vascular disorders, venous and arterial thromboembolism, coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction | Groups A > AB > B |
| Dementia, cognitive impairment | Groups AB > B > A |
| Plague, cholera, tuberculosis, mumps | Group O |
| Smallpox, Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Group A |
| Gonorrhea, tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, salmonella | Group B |
| Smallpox, E. coli, salmonella | Group AB |
| Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenza, Candida albicans, S. pneumoniae, E. coli urinary tract infections, S. pyogenes, Vibrio cholera | Non-secretors |
| H. pylori | Group A; 95% non-O |
| Peptic ulcers, gastroduodenal disease | All non-secretors; Group O |
| Norovirus1 | Secretors; groups O, A |
| Plasmodium falciparum malaria | Knops antigens; groups A, B |
| P. vivax malaria | Duffy FY antigens |
| Cholera | Lewis antigen; non- secretors; non-O groups |
| Bacterial Meningitis (N. meningitidis, H. influenza, S. pneumoniae) | Group O, B |
| [[Cancer] (tissue specific) | A, B, H antigens lost; “A- like” antigens gained |
| Leukemia and Lymphoma | A, B, H antigens lost |
| Non-Hodgkin’s central nervous system lymphoma (primary and secondary) | Group O, B |
| Hodgkin’s lymphoma | Group B |
| Acute lymphoblastic leukemia | Group O |
| Acute myeloid leukemia | Group A |
| Stomach Cancer | Group A |
| Pancreatic Cancer | Group B > AB > A |
| Von Hippel-Lindau and Neuroendocrine | Group O |
| Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 | Group O |
| Colon/Rectum Cancer | Secretors; “A-like” antigens expressed |
| Hypertension | Group B > A > AB |
| Hyperlipidemia | LDL: Heterozygous MN; Group A, B;
ALP/apoB-48: Group O and B secretors |
| Type 2 Diabetes | Group AB > B > A |
| Type 1 Diabetes | Non-secretors |
A preliminary study of blood types and COVID-19 found that people with type O were less likely to be infected, and people with type A were more likely to be infected than the other blood groups.[4]
The stress hormone cortisol tends to be highest in people with type A and lowest in people with type O, and may underly stress-related disease differences among blood types.[5]
Woo
In Japan (and some other East Asian countries), the ABO blood types are thought to be related to personality. On the one hand, surveys of self-reported blood types and self-reported personality have shown some association.[6] On the other hand, surveys of personality traits have shown no ability to predict blood type.[7] Thus, the evidence of an association is about as persuasive as astrological sign.
If personality 'differs', why not other diet differences? Peter D'Adamo prominently proposed an ABO-based blood type diet.
Blood type and personality in Japan
A belief that blood types influenced personality in Japan arose in the early 20th century, partially as a response to European style "scientific racism". In Japan, the several blood types are distributed more evenly than they are among Europeans; ascribing personality types to blood types indicated a more adaptable mix of traits in the Japanese race. In the 1930s, the hypothesis was investigated for military use in breeding better soldiers.[8] The blood type beliefs were revived in the 1970s as a form of personality test similar to astrology, by Masahiko Nomi, as a sort of pop psychology. According to Nomi,
- Type O blood is for "warriors". They are confident, self-determined, optimistic, self-centered, cold, doubtful, and unpredictable.
- Type A blood is for "farmers". They are earnest, sensible, reserved, patient, fastidious, stubborn, and tense.
- Type B blood is for "hunters". They are passionate, active, creative, strong, irresponsible, unforgiving, and bohemian.
- Type AB blood is for "humanists". They are cool, controlled, rational, sociable, critical, indecisive, and irresponsible.[9]
The personalities ascribed to the several blood types carry forth stereotypes that ultimately backdate themselves to the abiding influence of Japanese feudalism. Japan saw itself as a society of samurai (type O) and peasants (type A), the most frequent blood types in Japan; with a smaller number of merchants and artisans (type B) and intellectuals (type AB).[10]
Books promoting these beliefs about blood type sell well in Japan. On the Japanese language Wikipedia, most articles about celebrities contain information about their blood types. Dating websites and social networks in East Asia often include the opportunity to share the user's blood type. Anime and manga often describe characters by blood type. Employment applications may call on the applicants to indicate their blood type. The belief has spread to neighboring areas including Korea and Taiwan.[11][10]
See also
References
- Table of blood group antigens v4.0
- These generalizations are not strictly true, as other blood characteristics like Rh classification are relevant, too.
- Blood Type Biochemistry and Human Disease by D. Rose Ewald & Susan C. J. Sumner (2017) Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Syst. Biol. Med. 8(6):517–535. doi:10.1002/wsbm.1355.
- Genomewide Association Study of Severe Covid-19 with Respiratory Failure by David Ellinghaus et al. (June 17, 2020) New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2020283.
- Cortisol and Catecholamines Response to Venisection by Humans With Different Blood Groups by A. H. Locong, A. G. Roberge (1985) Clin. Biochem. 18(1):67-9. doi:10.1016/s0009-9120(85)80026-6.
- Sakamoto A, Yamazaki K (2002). Blood typical Personality Stereotypes and Self-fulfilling Prophecy: A Natural Experiment with Time-series Data of 1978-1988 Progress in Asian Social Psychology, 4:239-262.
- Cramer KM, Imaike E (2002). Personality, blood type, and the Five-Factor Model Personality and Individual Differences, 32(4): 621-626.
- Mari Yamaguchi, Myth about Japan blood types under attack. The Canadian Press, May. 6, 2005.
- Sian Thatcher, Blood types in Japan.
- Justin McCurry, Typecast - Japan's obsession with blood groups. The Guardian, Dec. 4, 2008
- Robin E. Brenner, (2007). Understanding manga and anime. Libraries Unlimited. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-59158-332-5.