Is there a formula for working out the pot size required for specified bone weight and water volume?
For example, I would like to make beef stock using 5kg of bones and 5 litres of water, what pot size do I need?
Bones are somewhat more dense than water, but you can just take the density as 1 kg/L as an approximation. That means 10 L of water+bones. It's easiest to avoid splashing if you only fill your pot to about 3/4 full, so that's about a 12 L pot required.
As Sneftel says, you'll have about 10l*.
With stock simmering very gently you can go really quite close to the top. I'd use a 10l pot because I have one but also they're easily available. Put the bones and any veg in first then fill to say 5cm from the top if starting from cold to allow for thermal expansion. I'd simmer with it full to 2cm from the top. Top up water as required. Even with a lid (which you should be using for long simmers) some evaporation will occur, so starting with 5l doesn't mean finishing with 5l unless you top up.
* Beef bone has a density of about 1.4 g/cm³, meaning that 5kg of bone only takes up 3.6 litres. But that assumes the bones fill with water and lack marrow, also that you don't add any veg.
Assuming you are looking to purchase a stockpot, my advice is to buy the biggest (and best quality) you can afford (plus conveniently handle, store, etc.) You will never regret having a big, high quality pot. I bought a restaurant brand 22-quart [22 US quarts is ~20.8 litres] a few years ago, and love it.